Introduction-Day 1 Anca Dinu University of Bucharest

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction-Day 1 Anca Dinu University of Bucharest Romanian Introduction-Day 1 Anca Dinu University of Bucharest

Romanian Romanian is an Indo-European, neo-Latin language, the easternmost representative of the family of Romance languages (same family as Spanish, Italian, French or Portuguese). It is spoken by about 24 million speakers, out of which 17 million live in Romania, the others forming communities outside Romanian territory. 89.5 are Romanians, 7.1% are Hungarians, 1.7% Gypsies, 0.5% Germans (2000).

Romanian language history Dacia was conquered and colonized by the Romans in the 2nd century Vulgar latin was imposed through administration. After the Roman administration withdrawed (271), Latin continued to evolve into a new language. Scholars agree that, in the 10th century, Romanian was already formed as a languge.

Romanian What is interesting of Romanian in comparison with other Romance languages is its geographical relative isolation, which kept Romanian away from the base kernel of Romance languages. Romanian is a Romance island immersed in between non-Romance languages, mostly Slavic, but also belonging to other language families, like Hungarian or Turkish.

Romania

Romanian Due to this geographic reality, and also to historical facts, Romanian language nature was subject of many debates regarding its phonology, the composition of its lexicon, its morphology and syntax. Different scholars make different claims about Romanian typology, resulting in different levels of integration of Romanian into Romance languages group.

Romanian Romanian morphology preserved almost unaltered its Latin structure. At the grammatical level, Romanian is one of the most conservative Romance languages, preserving most pure Latin grammatical structures. The bulk of the lexic is Latin and incorporates native Dacian words, Slavic, Hungarian, Turkish, English, French, German words, etc.

Romanian Romanian is not a language that has numerous dialects (like Italian, for instance). Apart from (Daco-) Romanian, the official language of Romania, there are only three Romanian dialects, all of them being present outside Romanian territory, south of the Danube:  Aromanian,  Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian

Romanian - phonology The Romanian alphabet consists of 31 Latin letters: 7 vowels and 10 consonants. Good news: Romanian spelling is mostly phonemic, meaning that words are written very much as they are pronounced. Bad news: Romanian phonology and phonetics present a number of particular difficulties for non-native speakers, regarding some special sounds, diphthongs, triphtongs and some groups of letters.

The Romanian Alphabet

The Romanian Alphabet

The Romanian Alphabet

Special sounds in Romanian: â, î Both letters represent the same sound. These cannot be equated with any English vowel sound. In writing, â is used if the sound appears anywhere inside the word, whilst î is used if the word starts or ends with this sound. In the case of compound words where the second word originally started with î, this letter will be preserved: bineînţeles (of course). A sound relatively close to this in English is eugh!

Exception to phonemic writing Initial e is pronounced as a soft e, similar to the English yellow in: personal pronouns (eu, el, ea, ei, ele) the forms of the verb a fi (to be) in the present and imperfect tenses that start with e (ești, este, eram, erai, era, eram, eraţi, erau). The pronunciation of letter x depends on the particular word in which occurs: [cs] in axă ‘axis’ or pix ‘pen’ and [gz] in examen ‘exam’ or exemplu ‘example’

Writing rules Groups of letters ce, ci, ge, gi, che, chi, ghe, ghi, are pronounced [č], [ğ], [k'], [g']. The group mp, mb can never turn to np, nb, except for foreign names like Istanbul.

final short versus long i Final short versus long i presents difficulties for non-natives The different pronunciation of words like a albi ‘to whiten, to bleach’ and albi ‘whites’ entails a difference in syllabification of the two: al-bi and albi. The one-syllable form (short i) is hard to perceive for non-natives.

Diphtongs and hiatus Romanian diphthongs and triphtongs are sometimes hard to pronounce and to distinguish: fine difference between oa and ua, for instance. The ambiguity between hiatus (two consecutive vowels pronounced in different syllables) and diphthongs (two consecutive vowels pronounced in the same syllable) is hard to perceive for non-native speakers (ha-i-nă ‘heinous’ vs. hai-nă ‘coat’). The only Romance language that presents the same distinction between hiatus and diphthongs is Portuguese. No orthographic distinction.

Morphology Romanian is an agglutinative language, using stems, affixes (most typically prefixes, but also suffixes) and other morphemes to form words in a regular way. Both types of word formation are active in Romanian: derivation and inflection. The theoretical difference between them is that derivation results in changing the part of speech of the word (ne ’not’ + mai ‘agan’ + vazut ‘seen’ -> nemaivazut ‘never seen before’), while the inflection does not (a scrie ‘to write’+ m -> scriem ‘(we) write’).

Morphology Romanian is highly inflectional, as Latin, Polish or German, much more than English. It uses affixes in noun declension and in verb conjugations to mark distinctions such as: number, gender, person,  tense,  mood,  voice case.

Morphology Good news: due to regularities, the rules are quite learnable for non-native speakers. Bad news: however, as with other agglutinative languages, there are quite a few irregularities, such as modifying the stem in verb conjugations for a number of irregular verbs that have to be learned by heart.

Morphology There are ten parts of speech in Romanian: the verb, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction the interjection the noun, the article, the adjective, the pronoun, the numeral Only the preposition, the conjunction and the interjection are inflexible.

Morphology The flexible parts of speech are characterized by various grammatical categories: the noun, the article and the numeral have gender, number and case forms; the adjective has forms of gender, number, case and, additionally, comparison degrees forms; the pronouns have gender, number, case forms and, some of them, have additionally person forms; the verb has voice, mood, tense, person and number forms; the impersonal tense participle additionally has gender and case forms;

Syntax Romanian syntax has its roots in Vulgar Latin syntax. At grammatical level, Romanian is one of the most conservative Romance languages, preserving to a great extent the Latin grammatical structures, the free word order and much of its complexities, such as the complex agreement system.

Syntax The whole range of gender, number, case, and comparison degree forms is called the noun declension. The whole range of person, number, tense, mood and voice forms is called the verb conjugation.

Course materials Most of the grammar elements are from Dana Cojocaru, Stand alone Romanian, 2003 http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_romanian.pdf Euromobil project: http://www.solki.jyu.fi/english/publications/Euromobil/ Handouts at http://www.unibuc.ro/prof/dinu_a_d/ under Resurse online