Unit 5: Meeting individual care and support needs Learning aim A3

Learning aims A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals A3: Empathy and establishing trust with individuals Starter question: What is the difference between empathy and sympathy

A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) What is empathy? http://www.openculture.com/2013/12/the-power-of-empathy.html The ability to be aware of another person’s feelings, their needs and/or concerns The ability to understand the feelings of another person, their needs and/or concerns The ability to understand why a person feels the way they do and show compassion. How will your case studies be feeling do you think? Teacher notes

Why is empathy important? A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Time: 10 mins Why is empathy important? Teachers notes Learners could work in small groups to discuss the importance of empathy for establishing positive relationships with individuals i(.e. how empathy is essential for meeting the holistic needs of individuals).

A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Empathy theories In trying to understand the concept of empathy, including what is involved in empathising with others, there are two leading theories that have emerged: 1) Simulation theory explains empathy as developing when a person sees another person experiencing an emotion, replicates it in themselves and then is able to sense the emotion first-hand (mirror neuron) 2) Theory of mind explains empathy as developing as an automatic process when the brain processes information about how a person should think and feel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjkTQtggLH4 Teacher notes Learners could be asked to reflect on how both theories may be relevant to understanding the concept of empathy and should not be seen in isolation.

Empathy theorists (cont’d) A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Empathy theorists (cont’d) Hoffman’s theory – Martin Hoffman is an American psychologist and a Professor of Psychology who further developed the concept of empathy by looking at how it is inter-linked to moral development and develops between infancy and adulthood. Teacher notes

Empathy develops with age Hoffman’s theory Empathy develops with age Moral internalization occurs when a person’s moral structure is accepted and the person feels obligated to abide by its principles and consider others regardless of external punishment or reward. This happens through socialisation

Empathy theories Description Pros Cons Simulation theory Theory of mind Hoffman’s theory

What may stop a health and social care worker feeling empathy for their client ? A) A psychiatric nurse working with someone who has committed a violent crime B) A counsellor who is pro life who has a client who wants an abortion C) A health and social care worker who does not like elderly people? D) Someone who sees the service user as a hypochondriac or who does not deserve treatment eg a smoker or an alcoholic with liver disease. What can the health and social care worker do to stop their feelings affected the way they care for the service user? When might a health and social care worker’s empathy for a service user cause a problem?

Empathy’s limitations Over arousal Habituations Familiarity bias Here and now bias Moral principles

Theories for developing positive relationships A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Theories for developing positive relationships The attachment and emotional resilience theories are useful for understanding how to establish and develop positive relationships: attachment theory – a psychological model developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth to help explain the short- and long-term relationships people experience during their lifetime, and the importance of attachment for personal development https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwxjfuPlArY emotional resilience theory – theories about what resilience is, and how it develops from characteristics that are present in children and adults, can help with understanding the different strategies available to support children and adults in managing and learning from different experiences and adversities. Teacher notes Learners could research these theories and then discuss the impact of long-term ‘attachments’ or ‘bonds’ in terms of the impact on that person’s development including their autonomy and resilience, experiences in life and relationships with others. Information source for attachment theory: http://www.psychologistworld.com/developmental/attachment-theory.php Information source for emotional resilience theory: http://www.barnardos.org.uk/bouncing_back_resilience_march09.pdf

Read through ‘Case study: Danny’. A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Time: 15 mins Read through ‘Case study: Danny’. In pairs, discuss how ‘attachment’ and ‘emotional resilience’ had an impact on Danny’s life. Teacher notes Learners will need to access this case study on page 11 of the Barnardos publication, Bouncing back: http://www.barnardos.org.uk/bouncing_back_resilience_march09.pdf Learners could also discuss how both concepts could have an impact on an adult. This could be someone they know such as a family member.

Teacher notes Learners could be introduced to the Triangle of Care partnership approach between the individual (service user), carer and professional that promotes safety, supports recovery and maintains well-being by being shown the video clip available from: http://oxleas.nhs.uk/advice-and-guidance/information-for-families-and-c/information-resources-for-fami/the-triangle-of-care/ Learners could then be questioned on what it is and it’s importance.

A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) The triangle of care Service user Professional The triangle of care Carer Teacher notes Learners could be introduced to the Triangle of Care partnership approach between the individual (service user), carer and professional that promotes safety, supports recovery and maintains well-being by being shown the video clip available from: http://oxleas.nhs.uk/advice-and-guidance/information-for-families-and-c/information-resources-for-fami/the-triangle-of-care/ Learners could then be questioned on what it is and it’s importance.

A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Time: 20 mins Research how the triangle of care is used in meeting the care and support needs of individuals. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOYV0wYRtHs Teacher notes Learners could watch the interviews undertaken with carers in the Triangle of Care video-clip available from http://oxleas.nhs.uk/advice-and-guidance/information-for-families-and-c/information-resources-for-fami/the-triangle-of-care/ or arrangements could be made to interview carers. Additional resources are available from: https://professionals.carers.org/triangle-care-mental-health/triangle-care-resources Research findings could then be discussed with the whole group.

A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2, D2) Time: 10 mins Why can the triangle of care be useful when supporting individuals who have diverse needs? Teacher Notes Learners’ understanding should focus on how involving carers who know individuals well can lead to the effective meeting of individuals’ care and support needs, and the sharing of expertise and strategies for overcoming any difficulties or challenges individuals may experience because of their diverse needs.

A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Time: 25 mins Research current empathy theories and how they link to developing positive relationships. Teacher notes

A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Time: 15 mins Discuss the values that link to empathy and how they can be promoted to meet individuals’ needs. Teachers Notes Discussions could focus on the links between empathy and values such as respect, dignity, compassion.

Present the pros and cons of two empathy theories. A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Time: 30 mins Present the pros and cons of two empathy theories.  Teacher notes Learners must develop their presentations in relation to two theories and within the context of care planning and support to meet the needs of individuals.

Summary In this lesson we: defined positive relationships A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Summary In this lesson we: defined positive relationships explained the concept of empathy examined in detail the various ways of establishing positive relationships explored the triangle of care working approach examined in detail empathy theories and their relevance to meeting the care and support needs of individuals.

Summary: plenary activities A: Examine principles, values and skills which underpin meeting the care and support needs of individuals (A3, P2, M2) Summary: plenary activities 1. Why is empathy necessary for establishing positive relationships? 2. How can the triangle of care be used to establish trust with individuals?