Quoting and Paraphrasing* How, when and why * Information compiled from the Norton Field Guide, pp358-366 and 381-387

Quoting “Quote texts when the wording is worth repeating or makes a point so well that no rewording will do it justice, when you want the exact words of a known authority on your topic, when his or her opinions challenge or disagree with those of others, or when the source is one you want to emphasize” (Bullock 359-360).

Quoting: punctuation Short quotes: Long Quotes: For 4 lines or less, enclose quotes in quotation marks. Long Quotes: For more than 4 lines, do a block quote: “Tab” (indent 5 spaces) the entire quote. No quotation marks are needed Instead of quotation marks, you will use a signal phrase with a colon

Quotes cont’ For BOTH short and block quotes, you still need citation, either parenthetical or incorporated into the text

Citation If you are using a secondary source, be sure to attribute quotes to the author and cite the page number(s) where the information was found. If you introduce the author in a signal phrase, you only need to put the page number in parentheses. If you do not introduce the author, the author’s name should precede the page numbers in the parentheses.

Citation examples Parenthetical: In-text: “This is how you cite parenthetically” (Wyre 6). In-text: Katie Wyre, in her riveting power-point lecture, says “this is how you cite in-text.” Or: Katie Wyre, in her riveting power-point lecture, says “This is how you cite in-text” (6).

Interviews For the Discourse Community Analysis, you will be using interviews. To cite these, simply identify the speaker in the signal phrase, and cite the interview with your other works cited (at the end of the paper). Interview citation from Norton Field Guide p 405: Subject’s last name, first name. Personal Interview. Day Month Year.

Block quote example Joe Smith asserts that: This quote, being over four lines, is entirely too long for quotation marks. Instead, it is properly incorporated into the text with a signal phrase ending with a colon, an indention for the entire quote, and a citation at the end that only mentions the page number, seeing as how the author was identified in the signal phrase. Also note that the parenthetical citation for block quotes goes after the ending punctuation. (50)

Omissions Sometimes a quote will work for your text, but it is too long and/or has extraneous information that you wish to omit. When this is the case, you omit with ellipses (…) “Sometimes a quote…has extraneous information that you wish to omit.”

Changes with brackets Sometimes you need to rework a quote to “flow” better with the structure of your writing, in which case you should use brackets to show your changes. Katie Wyre said in her lecture that each student should “use brackets to show [his or her] changes.”

Paraphrasing “Paraphrase when the source material is important, but the original wording is not” (Bullock 363). Paraphrasing is used when a source has useful information to contribute, but you choose to restate the author’s point in your own words.

Trouble with paraphrasing One of the most common errors in paraphrasing is keeping the sentence structure of the original quote, while substituting different words. Ex: One of the most frequent mistakes in paraphrasing is maintaining the grammatical structure of the quote, while simply using different words.

More trouble… Another common mistake is to change the sentence structure around while keeping much of the original vocabulary. Ex: Commonly, writers make the mistake of keeping much of the original vocabulary when paraphrasing.

Guidelines from Norton To avoid these traps, “Use your own words and sentence structure…put in quotation marks any of the source’s wording that you use [and] indicate the source of your paraphrase” (Bullock 365-6).

Paraphrasing citation Paraphrases still need to be cited! You are still using someone else’s ideas in your work. Parenthetical citation goes at the end of the paraphrase.

Review When do you use quoting, and when do you use paraphrasing? Does paraphrasing need to be cited? Why? How do you cite interviews?

In-class application From the source you brought in (secondary source or interview): Take a quote and paraphrase it. Be sure to use your own words and structure, while keeping the importance of the quote. Then, incorporate the direct quote OR your paraphrase into a short paragraph. Be sure to properly cite! For more info on in-text citation, see the NFG pp381-387