Ancient Greece: A History

A. The Unique legacy 1. Contributions Greek is a basis for English 1. Contributions a. Language (science, technical & medical fields) 1. examples: panic, atom, architecture, democracy, ethics, logic, myth, nectar, alphabet, theme, psychology, Achilles’ heel, Hippocratic oath (1 in 8 words) Extra Credit Option: Translate p. 27 (4 pts) & write what Greek person said that quote (1 pt)

b. how to reason & think what Greeks called themselves science, math, medicine, history, philosophy, drama b. how to reason & think Hellenes: Hellenic: Hellas—Greeks’ name for their country c. art, sculpture & architecture 1. temples/columns (examples) 2. perfection 3. symmetry, order, balance & elegance

1. Indo-European Caucasians a. lived on the Balkan peninsula (Greece) B. The World (p. 110) 1. Indo-European Caucasians a. lived on the Balkan peninsula (Greece) b. infertile, mountainous land c. became sea-oriented people i. exported olive oil, grains, grapes & wine d. moderate climate ( climate—320+ days of sun) Aegean (p. 110) Mediterranean

Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea

1. spent most of waking hours outdoors at outdoor arenas, C. An outdoor life 1. spent most of waking hours outdoors at outdoor arenas, market places, wharves, in the Assembly, or working out at the gymnasium amphitheaters: (p. 129)

Minoan civilization (2500-1500 B.C.) 1. lived on (p. 110) 2. Minos--monarch (leader) 3. leisure activity--leaping over bulls!!! 4. had a modern plumbing system 5. ended by either volcanic explosion, earthquake/tidal wave, a foreign invasion or a combination Crete—Knossos

Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea Crete Knossos

2. Mycenaeans--dominated for the next 700 years Mycenae E. Heroic Age (2000 B.C.) 1. lived on the mainland— 2. Mycenaeans--dominated for the next 700 years (p. 110) Mycenae 2.

Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea Crete Mycenae Mediterranean Sea Crete Knossos

F. The Trojan War (lasted 10 yrs) 1. favorite military target because its location 2. Troy--Ilium in Asia Minor 3. lived there & wrote the Iliad a. a Greek army destroyed Troy because a Trojan youth named Paris had kidnapped Helen, beautiful wife of the Spartan king (she was the “Face that launched a thousand ships”)—Trojan Horse b. Odyssey-- the tale of one warrior’s adventurous return from Troy Troy- Homer-- (p. 112-113) King’s brother…King Agamemnon epic

Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea Crete Troy Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mycenae Crete Knossos

Rise of the Polis (after 750 B.C.) 4. Dorians took over a. “Dark Age” for 400 years   Rise of the Polis (after 750 B.C.) 1. (poleis): a city & surrounding countryside a. root for many words such as… 2. mountains made it easy for small INDEPENDENT city-states to develop 3. Polis 4. police, policy, politics, Minneapolis, Annapolis, Indianapolis

1. after 750 B.C.--Greek armies were just citizens H. Seeds of Democracy 1. after 750 B.C.--Greek armies were just citizens 2. ambitious aristocrats (revolts led by soldier-citizens—settled other colonies) that seized power with force tyrants: oppressive or wicked (today’s definition) (p. 117)

The Coming of (creative state) Athens (p. 117) 1. head of government a. used harsh ideas of Draco--forbid slavery for debt (didn’t give land from rich to poor) Solon-- 2. next leader (tyrant) that redistributed land & reduced privileges of the wealthy (also sponsored 1st drama festival) Peisistratus- People didn’t like Peisistratus’ son

Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea Crete Troy Aegean Sea Athens Mediterranean Sea Mycenae Crete Knossos

(Ekklesia): the lawmaking body 1. members chosen by lottery 3. a. made the Athenian (Ekklesia): the lawmaking body 1. members chosen by lottery (all citizens eligible) 2. a method of banishing citizens who were dangerous to the polis (personally ambitious) Cleisthenes-- Assembly 500 members Ostracism: 4. Athens had a full direct democracy (elected Assembly) during his rule (“The Age of Pericles”) Pericles—

city state=polis strong navy extensive encouraged direct democracy strong navy extensive encouraged gymnastics & wrestling Individual freedom encouraged Art, drama, political thought, & philosophy encouraged

J. ’s Iron Way (military state) (p. 118) 1. settled by warlike people 2. enslaved Spartan farm laborers 3. lived a “boot camp” life--train to become good warriors Sparta helots: Helots—Greek word meaning “capture”

Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea Crete Troy Aegean Sea Athens Mycenae Sparta Mediterranean Sea Crete Knossos

Do p. 27—Extra Credit (5 pts) city state=polis militaristic totalitarian state strong army limited limited gymnastics & military exercises Individual below the state Individual & creative thinking suppressed Do p. 25—Answer the questions based on the comparison chart (14 pts) & turn in Do p. 27—Extra Credit (5 pts)

The Persian Threat (500- 480 B.C.) (p. 122) 1. runner sent to Athens (26 mi.) to announce the Greek army’s victory over the Persians 2. Greeks, led by Spartans, fall to Persians (Battle of 300) 3. (island)—Athenians fled Athens in fear of Persians attacking them to this island; Greek Navy defeats Persians 4. Greeks defeat Persians which ended the war & the Persian threat Marathon-- Pheidippides “Victory, we win!” Thermopylae— Salamis Plataea—

Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea Crete Troy Aegean Sea Thermopylae Plataea Marathon Athens Salamis Mycenae Sparta Mediterranean Sea Crete Knossos

L. Athenian Greatness (480-430 B.C.) 1. Businesses & trade grew--commercial dynasty 2. Any citizen could serve in any public office (no longer used a lottery) 3. Money to pay for beautification of city a. replace buildings b. build new ones-- temple built in 447 B.C. for Athena (15 yrs.) on the fortress or hill meaning ”above the city” Parthenon: Acropolis:

Parthenon

Drama/Writers/Poets (11) a. first actor in dramas Thespis-- b. sponsored 1st drama festival Peisistratus-- Homer c. Wrote a set of 3 plays “Oresteia” about the fate of King Agamemnon’s son Aeschylus-- tragedies; Sophacles-- d. wrote tragedies of arrogance & the “Oedipus Rex” about a son killing his father to marry his mother (wrote @ 90 yrs old) e. wrote “Trojan Women” Euripides--

f. wrote comedies about politicians & current events Aristophanes-- g. father of history (added myths to Persian Wars) Herodotus-- h. wrote factual history of Peloponnesian War Thucydides-- i. woman poet & started a musical school for wealthy women Sappho-- poet that wrote of winning athletes Pindar-

a. purpose of life?--drank poison (Socratic method) Socrates-- Philosophy (3) lover of wisdom a. purpose of life?--drank poison (Socratic method) Socrates-- philosopher: Read the “Trial of Socrates” b. started a school--the Academy—wrote down Socrates’ teachings Plato-- c. student at the Academy & tutored Alexander the Great Aristotle--

6. Math & science (8) a. developed pi & also developed lever/pulley & catapult Archimedes— b. thought sun was the center of universe Aristarchus-- Democritus-- c. developed 1st atomic theory d. calculated a very accurate circumference of the earth (but thought earth was center of universe) Eratosthenes—

e. developed proofs & 1st geometry text Euclid-- f. developed Hippocratic Oath for doctors Hippocrates-- g. developed Pythagorean theorem Pythagoras-- h. thought everything originated from water Thales--

that tried to answer questions on society & the individual Sophists-- 7. Others (4) a. developed a school of thought (Epicureanism) based on the idea of do not indulge or go to extremes Epicurus-- moderation: b. artist who made sculpture of Zeus Phidias-- c. a group of teachers that tried to answer questions on society & the individual Sophists-- d. developed a school of thought that emphasiZed reaZoning (Stoicism) Zeno-- Greek People Review

8. Civil War (431 B.C.)-- 27 yrs (p. 124) a. Athens vs. Sparta called Peloponnesian Wars b. mostly fought on the c. Sparta won-- but Athens remained as center of Greek culture (capital today) p. 135 Peloponnesus Peninsula

Peloponnesian Peninsula Troy Aegean Sea Thermopylae Peloponnesian Peninsula Plataea Marathon Athens Salamis Mycenae Sparta Mediterranean Sea Crete Knossos

M. & the Hellenistic Era (335 B.C.) 1. son of 2. tutored by Aristotle 3. conquered largest empire the world had seen which spread Greek culture to Indus Valley 4. after his death (33 yrs old), the Hellenistic Era developed Alexander Philip II (p. 140)

O. Greek gods & oracles 1. Polytheism 2. gods were everywhere & caused everything (each city state had a patron god/dess) 3. gods were human-like (expressed emotions) 4. lived on (p. 135) 5. priests & priestesses that predicted the future & the Greeks looked to them for advice 6. Built temples for gods/goddesses (Parthenon) Mt. Olympus Oracles:

Peloponnesian Peninsula Mt. Olympus Troy Aegean Sea Thermopylae Plataea Marathon Peloponnesian Peninsula Athens Salamis Mycenae Sparta Mediterranean Sea Crete Knossos

7. 12 major Greek gods / goddesses a. Zeus-- king of all gods (Olympics) b. Aphrodite-- goddess of beauty & love c. Apollo-- god of the sun d. Ares-- god of war e. Artemis-- goddess of the moon f. Athena-- goddess of wisdom g. Demeter-- goddess of crops h. Dionysus-- god of fertility i. Hephaestus-- god of fire/forge (ugly) j. Hera– (wife of Zeus) protectress of marriage k. Hermes-- god of orators, writers & commerce l. Poseidon—god of the seas & oceans mythology

P. Education in Greece 1. 4 cycles of relate phases of humans (education in 1st two phases) a. pois (child) b. epheboi (youth) c. auer (man) d. “geron” (elder)

2. Young boys a. started at 6-7 yrs. old b. private schools (60-100 boys) c. slaves took boys to school & watched over their progress d. sit on bench; use a stylus & a wax-coated tablet (paper used for important events) e. started at 7:00 a.m.

f. subjects 1. reading 2. writing 3. arithmetic (with an abacus) 4. play the double flute (anlos) 5. sing songs 6. recite Homer’s poetry g. after age 12 1. wrestling school ( gymnasium) 2. swim 3. use bow & arrow palaestra:

h. after 15-16 1. concentrated on a physical program to prepare them for war… running, leaping, hunting, driving chariots, hurling a javelin 2. public speaking 3. science 4. philosophy 5. history i. at 18-21 1. entered Athenian Soldiers Youth (2 yrs) 2. afterward, protected borders & kept order in Athens (police) oratory:

3. Young girls a. mothers instructed them of “Domestic Sciences” 1. read 2. write 3. reckon (math) 4. spin 5. weave 6. embroider 7. sing and dance 8. play an instrument 9. only in Sparta—participated in athletics or exercised their bodies

Peloponnesian Peninsula Mt. Olympus Troy Aegean Sea Thermopylae Delphi Thebes Plataea Marathon Peloponnesian Peninsula Corinth Athens Salamis Olympia Mycenae Sparta Mediterranean Sea Crete Knossos

Review Ancient Olympics: Read p. 14-16 Quiz over reading (15 pts) Ancient Olympics Video worksheet (10 pts) Review