R C S Date: 3/24/16 Place: Chagrin Falls, Ohio Respiratory Crystalline Silica Basics EA07578C93356&index=2

RCS US OSHA Silica Standard EU NEPSI Agreement Table of Contents

Silica is an abundant mineral in rock, sand and soil – Crystalline silica is one morphology of silica Silica dust is an inhalation hazard – Respirable crystalline silica < 5 microns in size – IARC has listed RCS as a Group 1 agent and a probable carcinogen to humans in – NTP (1992) listed RCS as among substances or group of substances reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens Silicosis : – Oldest recognized occupational disease – Disease where scar tissue forms in the lungs and reduces the ability to extract oxygen from the air – Smoking increases the risk of silicosis What is Respirable Crystalline Silica?

Conditions for Respirable Silica to be Reactive Fresh surfaces, newly crushed or abraded (not weathered or coated) Size fractions below 5 microns in diameter Ability to evade body‘s cleaning mechanisms Fig. 2 Cleaning mechanism (alveolar): Cleaning cells (macro phages) in the lung Fig. 1 crystalline silica 1 micron

(optional) Title Geology Determines Level in Raw Materials Table 1. Crystalline silica content in basic materials MaterialsRange of crystalline silica (mass %) Limestone1 –25 Sand Aggregates Basalt/ AndesiteUp to 60 Granite0-40 Clays eg. BentoniteUp to 60

(optional) Title CS Level in OPC, Raw Meal, MIC and ARs Table 2. Crystalline silica content of OPC and other raw material for cement production MaterialsRange of crystalline silica (mass%) OPC0 –0.5 CKD Fly ash0-8 High C-fly ashUp to 20 GBFS0-4 Natural pozzolansUp to 40 Micro silica/ silica Fumetraces Foundry sandUp to 100 Raw meal1-12

(optional) Title Other Activities Table 3. Crystalline silica content in dusts from construction and demolition activities MaterialsRange of crystalline silica (mass %) Demolition dusts10 –14 (Nij et al. 2004) Sandblasting Refractory dusts (Source Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene)

Recent US Respirable Crystalline Silica Legislation

(optional) Title OSHA Silica Final Rule (2016) About 2.3 million men and women are exposed to respirable crystalline silica in their workplaces within the USA 2 million construction workers – who drill and cut silica-containing materials such as concrete and stone, and 300,000 workers in operations such as – brick manufacturing, – foundries, and – hydraulic fracturing. Most employers can limit harmful dust exposure in practical ways – using equipment that is widely available generally using water or a vacuum system to divert or capture dust at the source. Employers have the flexibility to choose equipment based on its overall performance in complying with the standards. (Source OSHA)

(optional) Title OSHA Silica Final Rule (2016) OSHA has issued two silica standards: – one for construction and – one for general industry and maritime. Both standards take effect June 23, 2016 Industries have one to five years to come into compliance, based on the following schedule: – Construction - One year to comply (June 23, 2017) with all requirements except the methods of sample analysis (June 23, 2018). – General Industry and Maritime - Two years to comply (June 23, 2018) with all requirements except medical surveillance for employees exposed at or above the action level for 30 or more days a year (June 23, 2020). – Hydraulic Fracturing - Two years to comply (June 23, 2018) with an additional three years to meet engineering control requirements (June 23, 2021).

(optional) Title OSHA Silica Final Rule (2016) OSHA has developed a variety of resources to help employers comply with the standard, – including fact sheets, – Frequently Asked Questions, and – a video. Small Entity Compliance Guides – one for construction and – one for general industry/maritime

(optional) Title OSHA Silica Final Rule (2016) The new standard provides requirements on the following: Specified Exposure Control Methods Alternative Exposure Control Methods Permissible Exposure Limit Exposure Assessment Regulated Areas Methods of Compliance Respiratory Protection Housekeeping Written Exposure Control Plan Medical Surveillance Communication of Respirable Crystalline Silica Hazards to Employees Recordkeeping

(optional) Title OSHA Silica Final Rule (2016) The new permissible exposure limit (PEL) – 50ug/m3 (8hr weighted average) The action value – 25ug/m3 (8hr weighted average) Previously the PEL was calculated – (10mg/m3 respirable dust divided by % silica + 2) OSHA predicts that the rule will save more than 600 lives and prevent more than 900 new cases of silicosis each year, once its effects are fully realized.

Recent EU Respirable Crystalline Silica Legislation

NEPSI “Negotiation Platform on Silica” Trade Unions and Employers’ representatives of 14 industrial sectors – These sectors produce and use crystalline silica or materials /products / raw materials containing it that may potentially lead to respirable crystalline silica exposure. Formed in May 2005 to negotiate under the supervision of the European Commission a means to protect worker health without an EU wide mandatory binding limit value for RCS. NPESI

NEPSI negotiation objective was a European Social Dialogue Agreement (ESDA) – To protect the health of employees occupationally exposed to respirable crystalline silica at the workplace. Exposures would be minimized by: – applying and communicating Good Practices – increasing the knowledge about potential health effects of respirable crystalline silica “Agreement on workers’ health protection through the good handling and use of crystalline silica and products containing it” was signed on 25 April 2006 by all the industry sectors having participated in the negotiation. – The European Commission morally and financially supported the project, qualifying it as innovative, – an EC budget was granted to cover the costs of the negotiation. – The Agreement was published in the EU Official Journal on 17 November (2006/C 279/02). ESDA

ESDA Key Provisions Agreement by the works councils/worker representatives, employers, and EU Commission that Crystalline silica containing materials are basic, useful and often indispensable components or ingredients for a large number of industrial and professional activities. Application of the “Good Practices” Guidelines by employers and employees would reduce exposure risk. National exposure limits for respirable crystalline silica still applicable.

Other important provisions (1/2) Training (Art. 5 IV) – Employers undertake to organize periodic training with regard to the implementation of the Good Practices – Concerned employees undertake to attend these training sessions Dust Monitoring (Art. 6 III) – The “Dust Monitoring Protocol“ (Annex 2) establishes specific requirements for personal or static measurements Health Surveillance (Art. 10) – Depending on the results of the workplace risk assessments, the scope of medical examinations to be performed on workers shall be defined in accordance with current national legislative requirements and the “Health Surveillance Protocol on Silicosis“ (Annex 8)

Monitoring of the application of the Agreement at site level (Art. 6 I/II) – Specifically designated employees to monitor the application of good practices – Elaboration of action plans after consultation with the works council and worker representatives. Report on application (Art. 7) – Reporting will be done for site, company, national and European sector levels every two years beginning in 2008 Research (Art. 11) – Since crystalline silica containing materials are basic, useful and often indispensable components or ingredients for a large number of industrial and professional activities, the ESDA makes provision for recommendations as to research on safer products, processes or data collection. Other important provisions (2/2)

Employer Obligations under ESDA The ESDA defines appropriate protection and prevention measures for managing the risks of exposure to RCS. Assessment Control Monitoring Education Reporting  Use ESDA Risk Assessment Decision Tree  Apply “Good Practices” ESDA Task Sheets based upon Hierarchy of Controls  Use Personal and Fixed (Static) monitoring to assess effectiveness of control measures in place  Monitor worker’s health using ESDA Medical Monitoring Protocol  Use ESDA “Good Practice Guide” and Task sheets to build awareness and to train workers  Use ESDA Reporting template* * on “actions“ not on “values “ * on “actions“ not on “values “

European Social Dialogue Agreement on respirable crystalline silica: Good Practice Guide Example of a good practice task sheet Example: Advice on dust control

European Social Dialogue Agreement on respirable crystalline silica: Good Practice Guide Example: Advice on control measures in laboratories

ESDA Signatories SIGNATORY EUROPEAN INDUSTRY SECTOR ASSOCIATIONS APFE: European Glass Fibre Producers Association – BIBM: International Bureau for Precast Concrete – CAEF: The European Foundry Association – CEEMET: Council of European Employers of the Metal, Engineering and Technology-Based Industries – CEMBUREAU: The European Cement Association – CERAME-UNIE: The European Ceramics Industries – EMO: European Mortar Industry Organization – EUROMINES: European Association of Mining Industries – EUROROC: European and International Federation of Natural Stones Industries – ESGA: European Special Glass Association – EURIMA: European Insulation Manufacturers Association – FEVE: European Container Glass Federation – GEPVP: European Association of Flat Glass Manufacturers – IMA-Europe: European Industrial Minerals Association – UEPG: European Aggregates Association – SIGNATORY EUROPEAN TRADE UNION FEDERATIONS EMCEF: European Mine, Chemical and Energy Workers’ Federation – EMF: European Metalworkers’ Federation –

Future Risk Employers not following through with all provisions of the OSHA Silica Standard or EU NEPSI Guidelines – Unions use RCS as a lever during collective agreement negotiations – Litigation on health claims against not only companies but their Directors TLV or PEL may continue to be reduced Registration of RCS containing products as hazardous materials

RCS Respiratory Diseases are Preventable Awareness Training Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Occupational Health Monitoring Engineering controls PPE selection Record keeping Contact 2TSustainAbility for RCS Risk Management Review of your activities.