1. Silica

2. Crystalline silica is a common mineral found in the earth’s crust
Crystalline silica is a common mineral found in the earth’s crust. Concrete, mortar, sand, and stone are some materials that contain crystalline silica.
It is also used to make products, such as bricks, ceramics, glass, pottery, and artificial stone.

3. Around 2.3 million workers are exposed to crystalline silica on the job. The hazard for workers exists when specific tasks create respirable dust that is released into the air.

4. Very small particles of crystalline silica are known as respirable crystalline silica dust, or simply silica dust. Silica dust is around 100 times smaller than the sand you find on the beach.

5. Silica dust is created by high-energy operations, including cutting, sawing, grinding, drilling, and crushing materials that contain crystalline silica.

6. Activities that create silica dust include:
Abrasive blasting with sand
Sawing brick or concrete
Sanding or drilling into concrete walls
Grinding mortar
Manufacturing brick, concrete blocks, or ceramic products
Cutting or crushing stone

7. Workers can also be exposed to silica dust during operations that use industrial sand, including foundry work and hydraulic fracturing.
Credit: NIOSH
Credit: NIOSH

8. When a worker inhales silica dust, they increase their risk of developing serious silica-related illnesses. These illnesses include:
Silicosis
Lung cancer
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Kidney disease

9. Silicosis is a disease that happens when silica dust enters your lungs and causes scar tissue to form. This makes it difficult for your lungs to take in oxygen. There is no cure for silicosis.

10. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Respirable Crystalline Silica standard for general industry and maritime requires companies to limit worker exposure to silica dust.

11. Companies are required to assess worker exposure to silica dust if it may be at or above an action of level of 25 µg/m3 (micrograms of silica per cubic meter of air), averaged over an 8-hour day. 

12. Companies must protect workers from silica dust exposure above the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 µg/m3, averaged over an 8- hour workday.

13. Companies must use engineering controls and work practices as the main way to keep worker exposure at or below the PEL. Examples include:
Using wet methods for cutting and sawing crystalline silica-containing materials
Using local exhaust ventilation to keep dust that contains silica out of the air
Limiting workers’ access to areas where they could be exposed above the PEL
Using housekeeping methods that do not create airborne dust where possible

14. Respirators must be provided to workers when engineering and work practices cannot keep silica dust at or below the PEL.

15. Companies must also:
Create and use a written exposure control plan that identifies tasks that involve exposure and how workers will be protected
Train workers on work operations that can result in silica dust exposure and ways to limit their exposure

16. Exposure measurements
For workers exposed at or above the action level for 30 days or more per year, companies must offer medical exams every 3 years, including chest X-rays and lung function tests. Companies must also keep records of exposure measurements, objective data, and medical exams.
Exposure measurements
Objective Data
Medical Exams

17. Respirable crystalline silica is a serious health hazard to workers
Respirable crystalline silica is a serious health hazard to workers. Workers exposed to silica dust are at an increased risk of developing serious silica-related illnesses.
Companies must use engineering controls and work practices to protect workers from silica dust exposure at or above the PEL.