The Greek World Chapter Nine

Section One: Greece And Persia 1. Who was Cyrus the Great and what did he do? Leader of the Persians and started the Persian empire Took over some Greek city-states (polis) Conquered people could keep their customs

2. Describe why the Persian Army was successful and define cavalry Strong army that was well organized and loyal Called the “Immortals” they were 10,000 soldiers chosen for their skills Had a powerful cavalry (a unit of soldiers who ride horses) The cavalry would charge the enemy and weaken them, then the Immortals would attack the enemy

3. Describe political organization under Darius I Divided the empire in to 20 provinces ruled by a “satrap” (like a governor) Darius’ officials would check in on the satraps to make sure they were still loyal to the king

4. Describe Persian Society under Darius I Many roads that messengers could travel, one road was the “Royal Road” and it was 1,700 miles long Built a capital called “Persepolis” that was filled with gold, silver, jewels and statues New religion called “Zoroastrianism” this taught there were two forces fighting for control of the universe (good and evil)

5. What are the Persian Wars? Wars between Greece and Persia Greece helped the parts of Greece that were under Persian control Darius was angry so he sent soldiers to fight Greece

6. What happened at the Battle of Marathon? Greece had less soldiers but won because they had better weapons and clever leaders A messenger ran from Marathon to Athens (26 miles) to bring news of the victory then fell over dead from exhaustion

7. Describe the Battle of Salamis Darius’ son Xerxes I sent the Persian Army AND navy to conquer Greece Sparta helped fight and the Athenians sent their navy The Spartans (about 1,400) held off the Persians in a small passage, but the Persians went around another way, burned Athens A few days later the Athenian army led the large Persian ships in to a small passage, getting the ships stuck and made it possible for the Athenian army to sink the ships and beat the Persians

Section Two: Sparta and Athens 8. Describe life for a Spartan male Birth: too weak, left to die Small child: ran, jumped, swam and threw javelins to increase strength 7-12 :Values training: left home to get educated 12-18: Physical Training: Boys developed physical skills through exercise 18-20: Military training: Men learned how to fight as a part of the army 20-30: Military Service: Soldiers formed the body of the Spartan army 30: Full citizenship: soldiers could participate in the assembly and move back home

9. Describe life for a Spartan female Women had more rights than other Greek city-states because the men were gone most of the time They could own land and run the household Slaves wove clothes for the women

10. What was the government like in Sparta? Two kings ruled jointly Elected officials ran everything and had more power than the kings The government was set up to control the helots (slaves) because there were more slaves than Spartan citizens, so they had to keep them under control to keep them from rebelling

11. What was life like for an Athenian male? Athenian boys were taught to improve their body and minds They didn’t have to devote their lives to the army, they only joined for two years from They learned to read, write, count, sing, play instruments Had private tutors if rich

12. What was life like for an Athenian female? Not educated taught to weave and sew Could NOT serve in the government, leave home (except for special occasions), buy anything or own property and disobey their husbands or fathers

13. Define alliance An agreement to work together

14. What was the Delian League and how was Athens so powerful? An agreement among Greek city-states to punish the Persians for attacking Greece and to defend each other and help defend the Aegean Sea Athens was the strongest in this league, so they forced city states to join and wouldn’t let anyone leave it, and they spent the money in the league to improve Athens, making it very rich

15.Describe the Peloponnesian War A war between Athens and Sparta that threatened to tear all of Greece apart The Spartans set fire to the crops surrounding the city walls, so the Athenians sent their navy to attack Spartans and Spartan allies. Fighting went on and on for ten years until they both agreed to a truce

Section Three: Alexander the Great 16. Who was Phillip II and what did he do? King of Macedonia in 359 BC Took over Athens and Thebes, then the rest of Greek surrendered to him He became a brilliant military leader

17. Define phalanx A group of warriors who stood close together in a square, each soldier held a spear pointed outward and as soldiers were killed others stepped up from behind to fill their spots

18. How did Alexander the Great build an empire? Ended the rebellion in Thebes and enslaved the people to stop others in Greece from rebelling Defeated the Persians because they had a well trained army that was ready to battle Was crowned pharaoh of Egypt Took over the Persian Empire after the Persian king was killed Ruled from the age of 20 to 33 when he died of illness

19. Describe the new “Hellenistic” culture from Alexander Called many cities Alexandria Built temples and theaters like the ones in Greece Very Greece-like everywhere Greek art, literature, language and science spread to surrounding lands But he let people keep parts of their own culture, so it was a blend

20. Describe the Three Hellenistic kingdoms in Alexander’s empire 1. Hellenistic Macedonia~ weak government, lots of Greek rebellions, Roman Empire takes over in the mid 100’s BC 2. Hellenistic Syria~ also faced unhappy people that rebelled and by the 60’s BC Rome invaded and took over 3. Hellenistic Egypt~ encouraged the Greek culture and built libraries and museums to Greek learning and Alexander, most successful empire until Rome took it over in 30 BC

Section Four: Greek Achievements 21. Describe Greek architecture Temples with columns in rows around it The buildings reflected the greatness of the cities Parthenon was the most impressive, in Athens, as a temple to Athena

22. What did the Greeks write about now? Dramas (plays)~actors and singers performed scenes in honor of gods and heroes (tragedies and comedies) History~ they wrote books on history so Greeks could learn from their past, mainly learning from mistakes so they don’t do them again

23. Who was Socrates and what did he do? Philosopher that believed people should not stop looking for knowledge He was a teacher, taught by asking questions The government accused him of questioning the gods and sentenced him to death by poisoning

24. Who was Plato and what did he do? A student of Socrates A teacher and philosopher Described the “perfect” society with fairness and equality to all, ran by philosphers

25. Who was Aristotle and what did he do? Plato’s student Believed in moderation or balance in everyones lives Lives based on reason (clear and ordered thinking) Think about your actions and how they will affect others

26. What were the Greek advancements in Mathematics? Geometry Accurately calculated the size of the Earth

27. What were the Greek advancements in Medicine and Engineering? Studied the human body to understand how it worked and to cure diseases and keep people healthy Hippocrates was a doctor is known today for how he thought doctors should behave Archimedes was a Greek scientist that invented a water screw to bring in water from the fields, it is still used today