MAST 319 Lecture 3 Geohistorical Overview of Environmental Management in Aotearoa/NZ

Essay Due September 9 th (5pm, by ) 3,000 words Worth 30% Questions: 1. Describe the history of Maori water management. Draw on historical sources, Waitangi Tribunal reports and current debates on water rights. 2. Compare and contrast contemporary Maori environmental management with EITHER Australian OR North American Indigenous Peoples. 3. Critically discuss Maori environmental management issues for ONE of the following sectors: Agriculture Fisheries Forestry Tourism Conservation

Reading: ‘Tai Whenua’ Cultural and physical resource base Erosion Alienation Retention Reclamation Protection Development Sustainability

1/ Te Moana nui a Kiwa

farm 1. (Eng). pāmu. The family all lived and worked on the farm. I noho katoa te whanau i runga i te pāmu, a, me te mahi anō hoki. 2. mahi pāmu. The Māori Incorporations farmed their lands well. I pai te mahi pāmu a nga Kaporeihana Māori i o ratou whenua.

CropOriginEarliest known use Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Wheat (Triticum spp.) Maize (Zea mays) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Carrot (Daucus carota) Parsley (Petroselenium crispum) Parsnip (Peucedanum sativum) Pea (Pisum sativum) Radish (Raphanus sativus) Turnip (Brassica. rapa, B. campestris) Peach (Amygdalus persica) Cherry (Prunus cerasus) Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Marrow (C. ovifera) Cucumber (C. sativus) Grape (Vitis vinifera) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Watercress (Nasturtium officiale) Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Andes Mesopotamia “ Mediterranean Central Asia Mediterranean “ Med/ Asia Mediterranean Central Asia Asia Mexico “ India/SE Asia Middle Asia Mediterranean “ Americas “ 1769 (Du Surville) “ 1773 Dusky Sound (Cook & Furneaux) “ 1814 ( ) early C.19th < Motuara (Bellinghausen) < < s 1867

Te Karere/ The Maori Messenger Intended audience was Maori , 500 copies produced for Maori population of approx 58,300; many Maori wrote to the Native Office requesting copies of the paper. Reports by missionaries stated that functional literacy could be achieved in a 2 weeks to six months.

3/ Colonisation

ExplorersEntrepreneursMissionariesAnnexationNew migrants GoalsDiscovery of new lands for Empire Commercial gain from Maori resources Conversion of Maori to Christianity Political and legal control Consolidation of political, economic, and social power Indigenous impacts Exposed to global gaze and ambitions Introduction to new technologies and a cash economy Demise of many traditions. Introduction of literacy. Loss of power and resources Imposition of new laws and policies Loss of political power Subjugation of language, culture and customs Durie 2005

4/ 20 th Century Maori historySurvival Adaptation Change Maori demographyUrbanisation Increased population Reduced fertility Youthfulness National economic reformFree market User pays Removal of State subsidies Competition State restructuringReduced size of the state Devolution Privatisation Indigenous developmentDRIP Self-governance Shared sovereignty

5/Culture Collision Smoothing the pillow

5/Culture Collision

6/ Responses Positive engagement Overt opposition WithdrawalAccom.Reclamation Period FeaturesTrade Technology Education Religion Resistance Defiance Warfare Retreat Isolation Detachment Acceptance State dependency Political and legal restitution. Autonomy (From Durie 2005: 15)

7/ 21 st Century M ā ori bio-economy Wai 262 Global financial crises Increasing multi-cultural diversity Increasing M ā ori diversity Overt racial discourse: positive… and negative.

Population change by ethnic group Ethnic Group European/Pakeha2,835,9542,783,0282,871,4323,124,0003,103,000 Maori384, ,847526,281665,000749,000 Pacific95,388167,070231,798332,000414,000 Asian41,06799,756238,179489,000604,000 Other-6,69324,993 Total specified3,106,6953,345,8133,586,734 Not stated36,61228,116150,543 Total3,143,3073,373,9293,737,2774,248,0004,807,000 % European/Pakeha Maori Pacific Asian Durie 2005

Summary Maori had established a resilient society while experiencing ongoing transitions. Early contact with Europe led to thriving market economies Flood of settlers and colonisation overwhelmed Maori resilience Colonisation frames contemporary functioning of Maori society but does not determine the future. Contemporary challenges answered by drawing on cultural and physical resources.