1. environmental elements
Agro-environment
environmental elements

2. Climate elements
light
temperature
air
water

3. Soil- (edaphic) elements
physical
chemical
biological
properties

4. Surface (geographic) elements
absolute and relative elevation
exposure (hill regions, slopes)
slope (characteristic)

5. Biological elements
human
flora
fauna

6. Climatic elements
managing the light

7. Importance of light effect on the plants’ growth development shape
anatomy
transpiration
nutrient intake
geographical spread

8. Photoperiodism short day plants long day plants day neutral plants
require a certain amount of daylight to initiate flowering
long day plants
flowering when daylight falls below a certain amount
day neutral plants

9. Long day plants - examples
Allium cepa
Avena sativa
Brassica napus
Brassica rapa
Hordeum vulgare
Lactuca sativa
Linum usitatissimum
Phleum pratense
Pisum sativum
Poa pratensis
Ricinus communis
Secale cereale
Sinapis alba
Solanum tuberosum
Trifolium pratense
Triticum aestivum
Beta vulgaris
Papaver somniferum
Spinacia oleracea

10. Short day plants - examples
Glycine max
Nicotiana tabacum
Ananas comosus
Cannabis sativa
Coffea arabica
Oryza sativa
Saccharum officinarum
Zea mays

11. Day neutral plants - examples
Fagopyrum esculentum
Phaseolus vulgaris
Helianthus annuus
Lycopersicon esculentum

12. Species require light for germination
Lactuca sativa
Daucus carota
Nicotiana tabacum
Sinapis alba
Alopecurus pratensis
Bromus arvensis
Bromus inermis
Agrostis tenuis
Dactylis glomerata
Festuca pratensis
Phleum pratense
Poa annua
Poa pratensis
Poa trivialis

13. Species do not require light for germination
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbita pepo
Phacelia tanacetifolia

14. Light neutral germination
Beta spp.
Brassica spp.
Linum usitatissimum
Cannabis sativa

15. Effects of temperature
on plants’ growth and development
temperature
changes during vegetation period
extreme low temperature
freeze
irreversible changes
reversible changes

16. Germination temperature optimal (°C)
Secale cereale 25-30
Allium cepa 15
Pisum sativum 25-30
Vicia faba 20-25
Brassica napus 20-30
Linum usitatissimum 25-30
Cannabis sativa 25-28
Brassica oleracea 25
Trifolium pratense 31-37
Triticum aestivum 15-30
Hordeum vulgare 20-25
Lactuca sativa 15
Avena sativa 25-30
Fagopyrum esculentum 25-30
Daucus carota 22
Medicago sativa 31-37
Beta vulgaris 20-25
Zea mays 32-35
Solanum tuberosum 19-24
Phaseolus vulgaris 32

17. Germination temperature optimal (°C)
Oryza sativa 30-37
Panicum miliaceum 32-37
Cucurbita pepo 37-40
Nicotiana tabacum 28
Cucumis sativus 31-37
Cucumis melo 30-40

18. Managing soil temperature
by raising soil moisture
specific heat of water is higher than solid structures of the soil
more moisture = less heatable soil
clay soil = cold
by reducing air in the soil
specific heat of air is minimal against water
less air = relative higher moisture content in the soil
sand soil = warm
same heat amount cause less temperature changes but can be kept longer
less temperature variations

19. Managing soil temperature by tillage
loosening
more air
structures are far from each other
upper 10 cm layer of the soil
protect the deeper layer
soil pressing
less air = better heat transfer
quick warming soil
better seed bed

20. The water - moisture
managing the moisture

21. Managing moisture by plants
nutrients in solution
growing dynamics of the roots
ground-water movement
dense and strong root system
depending on the species or varieties
changes during the vegetation period
critical periods of plants

22. Managing moisture by the soil
soil porosity and density
vapour
source for soil dew
moving to lower vapour pressure
hygroscopic moisture
soil fix it from the air
water film
fixed on soil aggregates

23. capillaceous water gravity water ground-water
main moisture source for plants
gravity water
in bigger pores of the soil
moving down with gravity
ground-water
in deeper layer of the soil
moving horizontally

24. Managing the moisture content by farmer
increasing water transform capacity
increasing water holding capacity
reducing the moisture losses
good crop rotation
quality manuring

25. Air
managing the air

26. The air under the soil surface atmospheric air
special composition against atmosphere
roles of components in the soil
atmospheric air
static
atmospheric composition for breath
dynamic atmospheric motion
wind

27. The edaphic elements
managing

28. Nutrient management of the soil
nutrients for plants and micro-organisms
basis of soil fertility
total nutrient amount of the soil
increasing nutrients
decreasing nutrients
utilisation of nutrients

29. Total amount of nutrients
Increasing by
biological accumulation
manuring
Decreasing by
eluviation
leaching
erosion
transporting the plants

30. Soil fertility relative fertility
partly independent from actual yields
climate
weather
perfect plant protection, etc.
nature born fertility
human born fertility