1 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2 Anatomy – study of the structures and shape of the body Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Gross Anatomy - large structures or Organs seen with the eyes Microscopic Anatomy – small structures

3 Figure 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Molecules 2 Atoms 1 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 3 Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) 4 5 Cardio– vascular system 6 Blood vessels Heart

4 Organ System Overview IntegumentarySkeletal Muscular -External body covering - Protection, support - Movement -Protection of tissues & movement - Maintains posture -Regulates body temp - Site of Hematopoeisis- -Produces heat -Synthesizes vitamin D (Blood cell formation) -Stores Minerals

5 Nervous Endocrine -Fast-acting control system - Slow-acting control system -Responds to stimuli - Glands secrete hormones (Internal and External) - Controls growth, metabolism using muscles or glands and reproduction & reproduction

6 CardiovascularLymphatic -Transports materials - Returns fluids leaked via blood pumped by heart from blood into tissues -WBC’s have role in body back into the blood protection/defense - Also assists in body protection/defense ( Involved in immunity)

7 Respiratory Digestive -Supplies Oxygen & - Ingestion, digestion, removes carbon dioxide & egestion of food - Helps maintain water balance

8 Urinary Reproductive - Removal of nitrogenous waste - Produce offspring (urine from metabolism)- Testes produce male sperm - Maintains water & salt balance and male hormones -Maintains blood pH-Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones

9 Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium. Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life. Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease. **All systems work together to maintain the homeostasis of the body.**

10 The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: –Position-Direction –Regions-Structures Orientation and Directional Terms Distal – farther from the origin of body part or trunk ex. The wrist is distal to the shoulder. Superficial (external) – toward or at the body surface ex. The skin is superficial to the skeleton. Deep – (internal) away from the body surface ex. The lungs are deep to the sternum.

11 Orientation and Directional Terms

12 Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

13 Regional Terms Anterior Body Landmarks

14 Regional Terms Posterior Body Landmarks (There are 37 body landmarks all together- (Femoral is labeled on both pictures)

15 BodyPlanesBodyPlanes

Body Planes and Sections A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts. A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts. A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts.

17 Body Cavities Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity –Cranial cavity houses the brain –Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord Ventral body cavity –Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others –Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs

19 Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Major Organs Right hypo- chondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Left lumbar region Left hypo- chondriac region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix Diaphragm Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder