INTERVIEWING and DELPHI Derya Devrimsel & Mehmet Cemil Çürük

Interviewing Used by qualitative researchers to collect data is to interview selected individuals. Purpose: to find out what is on people’s minds - what they think or how they feel about something. to find out from people those things we can not directly observe.

Types of Interviews Four types of interviews 1- Structured 2- Semi- Structured 3- Informal 4- Retrospective

Structured Verbal questionnaires Consist of a series of questions designed to elicit specific answers from respondents. The aim of this approach is to ensure that each interview is presented with exactly the same questions in the same order. This ensures that answers can be reliably aggregated and that comparisons can be made with confidence between sample subgroups or between different survey periods.

Semi- structured While a structured interview has a formalized, limited set questions, a semi- structured interview is flexible, allowing new questions to be brought up during the interview as a result of what the interviewee says. Both of them are most useful for obtaining information to test a specific hypothesis that the researcher has in mind.

Informal Interviews Much less formal than structred or semi- structred interviews Tend to resemble casual conversations, pursuing the interests of both the researcher and the respondent in turn. Most common type of interviewsin qualitative research. Don’t involve any specific type or sequence of questions or any particular form of questioning.

Probably the most difficult of all interviews to do well. Because ıssues of ethics appear almost immediately. Researchers often need to make some sensitive decisions as an informal interview progress. Offer the most natural type of situation for the collection of data.

Retrospective Interviews Can be structured, semi-structrured or informal. Tries to get a respondent to get a recall and then reconstruct from memory. The least likely of the four interview types to provide accurate, reliable data for the researcher.

Key-actor interviews Especially knowledgeable individuals and thus often excellent sources of information. They can often provide detailed information about a group’s past and about contemporary happenings and relationships. But researcher needs to seek out multiple sources of information in any study.

Types of Interviewing Questions 1- Background ( or demographic ) questions (questions about the backround characteristics of respondents- education, previous occupations, age, income…) 2-Knowledge questions (factual information- about a school School rules, enrollment policies ) 3-Experince (or behavior) questions ‘‘ If I had been in your class during the past semester, what kinds of things would I have been doing?’’

4-Opinion ( or values ) questions ‘‘What do you think about the principle’s new policy concerning absenteeism?’’ 5-Feelings questions ‘‘How do you feel about the way students behave in this school?’’ 6-Sensory questions ‘‘How would you describe what your class sounds like?’’

Interviewing Behavior 1- Respect the culture 2- Respect the individiual being interviewed 3-Be natural 4-Develop an appropriate rapport with the participant 5-Ask the same questions in different ways during the interview

6- Ask the interviewee to repeat an answer or statements when there is some doubt about the completeness of a remark. 7-Vary who controls the flow of communication 8-Avoid leading questions 9- Do not ask yes- no questions 10- Ask only one question at a time 11- Don’t interrupt

Focus Group Interviews Interviewer asks a small group of people to think about a series of questions. Participants are seated together in a group and get to hear one’s another responses to the questions.

Recording ınterview data Note taking Using a tape recorder

Delphi This methods is called Delphi because a place in ancient Greece. as a method for structuring a group communication process so that the process is effective in allowing a group of individuals, as a whole, to deal with a complex problem. While many people label Delphi a forecasting procedure because of its significant use in that area.

Features of Delphi 1- participating in the privacy 2-statistical analysis of the reaction of the group 3-feedback control

Applying Delphi Methods 1- Determining the problem 2-Choosing participation 3-Sending open-ended questions to participants Yeterlik1: Yeterlik 2: Yeterlik3: Yeterlik 10: Answering first survey 5-Regulation of the second questionnaire and sending I agree I never agree

6-Answering second survey 7-Analysis of second survey 8-Regulation of the third questionnaire and sending Eski Yeni Yeterlik Maddesi Answering third questionnaire 10- Analysis of third questionnaire and results

About methods of Delphi Strong sides: 1-Individuals express their thought freely without pressure and participants hava a chance to review their own thoughts. 2-used when it is difficult to gathering participants. 3-used from different perspectives of the participants. 4-Participants are selected from experts. In this way they can be motivated and care the method.

Weaknesses of Delphi 1-Participants are hidden but expressions used in questions identify people or institutions. 2- Participants initially participated in the study but then if they leave the study this situation can cause significant problems.