1. SURVEY INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

2. SURVEY
A survey is a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals.
Surveys are commonly used in psychology research to collect self-report data from study participants.
A survey may focus on factual information about individuals
It might aim to obtain the opinions of the survey takers.

3. B. Telephonic Surveys/Interview C. Questionnaire Survey
A survey research uses different techniques to collect information :
A. Personal Interviews
B. Telephonic Surveys/Interview
C. Questionnaire Survey
D. Controlled Observations

4. Personal Interviews
It is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.

5. The interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
May be useful as follow-up to certain respondents.
The person/s who take interviews – Interviewer/s.
The person/s who answers the questions – Interviwee/s

6. STRUCTURED/STANDARDISED INTERVIEW
- The personal interview is carried out in a planned manner.
- Questions in the schedule are clearly written in a particular sequence.
- The interviewer has little no liberty to make any changes.
- The responses to these questions – upto a certain extent are specified in advance. : called “CLOSE- ENDED QUESTIONS”.

7. UNSTRUSTURED/NON- STANDARDIZED INTERVIEWS - The interviewer has the flexibility to take decisions about the questions to be asked. - The sequence of the questions does not have to fixed- i.e. it can be changed. - Since responses are not specified- the respondent can answer in any way they want- “OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS”.

8. Personal Interview
It is a face to face two way communication between the interviewer and the respondents.
Are particularly useful for getting the story behind a participant’s experiences

9. Methods of conducting an Personal Interview
A personal interview involves a lot of preparation.
Generally an personal Interview should go through the following 5 stages as follows:

10. Stage 1 : Rapport Building
Interviewer should increase the receptiveness of the respondent by making him believe that his opinions are very useful to the research, and is going to be a pleasure rather than an ordeal.

11. Stage 2: Introduction
An introduction involves the interviewer identifying himself by giving him his name, purpose and sponsorship if any. An introductory letter goes a long way in conveying the study’s legitimacy.

12. Stage 3:Probing
Probing is the technique of encouraging the respondents to answer completely, freely and relevantly.

13. Stage 4: Recording
The interviewer can either write the response at the time of interview or after the interview.
In certain cases, where the respondent allows for it, audio or visual aids can be used to record answers.

14. Stage 5: Closing
After the interview, interviewer should thank the respondent and once again assure him about the worth of his answers and the confidentiality of the same.

15. Advantages of Interview Method
Opportunity for Feedback – Interviewer can provide direct feedback to the respondent, give clarifications and help alleviate any misconceptions or apprehensions over confidentiality that the respondent may have in answering the interviewer’s questions.
Probing Complex Answers – Interviewers can probe if the respondent’s answer is too brief or unclear. This gives interviewers some flexibility in dealing with unstructured questions and is especially suited for handling complex questions.

16. 3. Length of Interview – If the questionnaire is very lengthy, the personal interview is the best technique for getting respondents to cooperate, without overtaxing their patience.
4. High Participation – Interviewing respondents personally can increase the likelihood of their participation, as many people prefer to communicate directly verbally and sharing information and insights with interviewers.
5. Interviews can be used both with literate and illiterate people.

17. Disadvantages of Interview Method
Cost – Personal interviews are usually more expensive than mail, telephone and internet surveys. Factors influencing the cost of the interview include the respondents’ geographic proximity, the length and complexity of the questionnaire, and the number of non- respondents.
Lack of Anonymity – Respondents are not anonymous in a personal (face-to-face) interview and may be reluctant to disclose certain information to the interviewer. Hence, considerable must be expended by the interviewer when dealing with sensitive questions to avoid bias effects on the respondent’s part.
Necessity for Callbacks – When a person selected for interview cannot be reached the first time, a callback has to be scheduled which result in extra cost and time spent

18. 4.Variance Effects – It has been shown that the demographic characteristics of the interviewer can influence the answers of the respondents. In one study, male interviewers had a much larger variance of answers than female interviewers in a sample of most female individuals. 5. Dishonesty – Interviewers cheat to make their life easier and save time and effort. 6. Personal Style – The interviewers individual questioning style, techniques, approach and demeanor may influence the respondents’ answers. 7. Global Considerations – Cultural aspects may influence peoples’ willingness to participate in an interview.

19. B. Telephonic Survey
The information is collected from the respondent by asking him/her questions on the phone.
The combination of telephone and computer has made this method even more popular.
It is time effective. .

20. As the respondent does know the interviewer- hence, reluctance, superficial and false answers can be given by the interviewee.
Probability that the respondents may differ in answering questions based on gender, income level, education levels etc. is high.
Increased risk of BIASED results as the psychological characteristics are different and non- observable.

21. COMBINATIONS OF PARTICIPANTS IN AN INTERVIEW
INDIVIDUAL TO INDIVIDUAL
INDIVIDUAL TO GROUP
GROUP TO INDIVIDUALS
GROUP TO GROUP

22. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview.
They can be carried out face to face, by telephone or post.
Questionnaires provide a relatively cheap, quick and efficient way of obtaining large amounts of information from a large sample of people.

23. Data can be collected relatively quickly because the researcher would not need to be present when the questionnaires were completed.
This is useful for large populations when interviews would be impractical.
Problem with questionnaire is that respondents may lie due to social desirability. Most people want to present a positive image of themselves and so may lie or bend the truth to look good, e.g. pupils would exaggerate revision duration.
The language of a questionnaire should be appropriate to the vocabulary of the group of people being studied.

24. LIMITATIONS OF SURVEY METHOD
Issue of accuracy and dishonesty- people may fake the information.
Surveyor’s bias-s/he may ask question in such a way to elicit the desired response.
In-depth information and causes cannot be elicited.
Sample selected might not be true representative of the population.