The “Critical Period” – Establishing a stable United States Government 1780s Articles of Confederation “League of Friendship” = weak Union Unable to Tax 13 States effectively No Executive or Judicial branch …did pass NW Ordinance for new states Unable to deal w/ Shays’ Rebellion 1786 US Constitution Compromises 1787 Great Compromise = House + Senate 3/5 Compromise = slavery + representation Electoral College = indirect Presidential election Ratification Debate Bill of Rights 1791 Federalists vs Anti-Federalists 1 st 10 Amendments = protect liberties Free speech-press-religion-assembly-petition Right2BearArms Rights of the Accused States’ Rights/Reserved Power Hamilton Financial Plan 1.Debt Consolidation 2.Bank of United States 3.Tariffs for Industry 4.Whiskey Excise Tax George Washington precedents 1.Cabinet appointments 2. Hamilton Plan 3. Whiskey Rebellion 4.Neutrality foreign policy 5. 2 Term Limit Louisiana Purchase Treaty Port City = New Orleans 2.Control Mississippi River 3.Doubled USA territory 4.Treaty = loose interpretation Reasons 4 US Independence Proclamation Line 2.Mercantilism Trade limits 3.“No Taxation w/out…” 4.T. Paine Common Sense

Reasons 4 US Independence Louisiana Purchase Treaty Hamilton Financial Plan 1.D 2.B 3.T 4.W George Washington precedents The “Critical Period” – Establishing a stable United States Government 1780s Articles of Confederation US Constitution Compromises 1787 Ratification Debate Bill of Rights 1791

Marbury v Madison = Judicial Review McCulloch v Maryland = Federal Supremacy Marshall Court Gibbons v Ogden = Federal Supremacy Spoils System =political favoritism Veto of BUS = eliminates power + corruption of National Bank Andrew Jackson Presidency Trail of Tears = enforces the Indian Removal Act

Neutrality USA protects the Western Hemisphere Monroe Doctrine 1823 USA will not intervene in European Wars Maine = “Free State” pleases NORTH Missouri = “Slave State” pleases SOUTH Missouri Compromise *30’ North Latitude = boundary prohibiting further slavery

Women’s Suffrage Movement Begins “ We hold these truths…all men + women are created equal “ Seneca Falls, NY Convention 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton = author William Lloyd Garrison “The Liberator” newspaper Frederick Douglass “The North Star” newspaper Abolition Movement Harriet Tubman Undergrou nd RR

NORTH = More industrial + less slavery Lowell Factory System SOUTH = Cotton plantations + more slavery Sectionalism North v South South Carolina + tariff nullification crisis Oregon Treaty 1846 Texas Annexation 1845 Manifest Destiny 1840s Mexican Cession 1848

California = Free State Popular Sovereignty in New Mexico Territory Compromise 0f 1850 Fugitive Slave Laws Strengthened Popular Sovereignty = settlers decide slavery Results in “Bleeding Kansas” Kansas- Nebraska Act 1854 Opposed by new sectional Republican Party

Slavery protected = property right US Supreme Court Decision Dred Scott 1857 Reinforces Popular Sovereignty Failed Raid on US Arsenal Goal = arm slaves to win freedom John Brown 1859 Trial + Execution divided North v South

Republican Abraham Lincoln Wins Issue = Popular Sovereignty + spread of slavery Election of 1860 Southern Democrats will begin secession Southern States 11 States form CSA Secession Confederate against Lincoln + Republicans

Must stop Secession North Union Vs Southern Confederacy Lincoln Presidency Lincoln faces criticism in North Suspends Habeas Corpus Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln Executive Actions Pardons + POW issues

Sectionalism Challenges Nationalism Manifest Destiny +Slavery = Civil War Marshall, Monroe, Jackson =Nationalism 1.Marshall Court = Federal Supremacy 2.Monroe Doctrine = neutrality 3.President Jackson = powerful executive BUS veto …to end corruption Indian Removal Act enforced Spoils system to remove opposition Manifest Destiny reveals Sectionalism 1. Missouri Compromise 1820 = 36*30’ 2. Texas Annexation Mexican War +Mexican Cession 4. Compromise fugitive slave laws 5. Kansas-Nebraska popular sovereignty Sectionalism / Secession / Lincoln 1.Dred Scott…slavery = property right 2.Republican Party = not in South 3.Lincoln Election = Southern secession 4.Lincoln must “preserve union” 5.Lincoln suspends habeas corpus + issues Emancipation Proclamation Why was President Jackson important ? What issues divided America ? What events caused 11 States to secede? What did Lincoln do as President to “preserve the Union” ?