| | Solid Waste Management for Rural India 15 July 2016

Waste Streams and Emphasis Needed Key Waste StreamsPredominantly Agriculture- based Villages/environs Predominantly non- agriculture-based village (Peri-urban/large villages, Census Towns) Food wasteLow - ModerateHigh Animal fecal matterHighLow-Moderate Sweepings (Dust, dry organic matter..) ModerateHigh Dry waste (Paper, Plastic, Glass..) Low-ModerateHigh Greywater (water from kitchen, bath..) High Blackwater (from toilet) into open drains Low-ModerateModerate-High

Sources of Solid Waste in a GP Solid Waste Household Commercial Solid Waste from 1.Institutions 2.Small scale industries 3.Hotels 4.Markets 5.Slaughter houses

Types of Household Solid Waste Household Solid Waste Food waste Animal waste Food waste: Kitchen and left over Animal waste: Excreta and residual animal feed Recyclables: Paper, glass, plastic Non-recyclables: Tetra pack, thermocol Biomedical waste: Expired medicines Hazardous waste: Used batteries, bulbs Recyclables R Street Sweeping Non recyclables Biomedical & Hazardous waste

Current disposal practice: Animal Waste 1.Heaps of animal waste is haphazardly stacked on the roadside – unsightly. 2.Animal waste washed by the rains and flows to drains 3.Transferred once or twice only a year to the farmland as semi composted manure. 4.The optimum nutrient potential of this organic matter is not realised by the farmers

Current disposal practices: Plastic and Paper Waste 1.Dumped in the open or surface drains 2.Often blocks surface drains 5

Waste generation in Rural Areas Waste StreamPer household waste generation (grams/capita/day) Food waste Dry waste (Paper, Plastic, Glass..) Animal waste Buffalo / cow (kg/animal)5.0 – 7.0 Goat (kg/animal)0.2 Sweepings (Dust, dry organic matter..) Note: Household size of 5 and 2 animals/household

Waste characteristics in Rural Areas Parameter Biodegradable55 – 75% Recyclables20 – 30% Inerts 5 – 10%

Basic principles of solid waste management 1.Segregation of biodegradable and recyclable waste at household 2.Reuse of recyclable and processed (compost / biogas) end products. 3.Treatment of waste at household and community systems to be promoted only if space is a constraint. 4.Technology choices to be limited to those that are simple, easy to maintain and not very capital and operation intensive.

Household vs Community systems HouseholdCommunity Food wastes – animal feed, compost or biogas Animal waste - compost Food & animal waste – collection and processing (compost / biogas) Low capital costHigh capital cost Low maintenance cost High maintenance cost Householder responsible for maintenance GP responsible for maintenance Low space requirement High space requirement

Criteria for selection of Technology 1.Availability of space near houses & housing pattern 2.Geophysical condition of the village including topography, soil structure & ground water conditions 3.Quantity and characteristics of the waste streams 4.Availability of common spaces in & around the village 5.Economic status of the GP & human resource available with the GP

Technological Options at a Glance Solid waste (A) Household managed systems (B) Community managed systems (B.2) Biodegradable waste processing systems (B.1) Recyclable waste – storage & sale or processing

How to Select a Technology : Food and animal waste Space at HH Recyclables – Segregated at the household, collected, sold or processed at community level

Segregation & Door to door collection 1.Households may be given a set of two domestic bins one time only and motivated to segregate wet and dry waste at source and Panchayat may arrange door to door collection of wet and dry waste separately.

Managing recyclables in small villages 1.In small villages where door to door collection of wet and dry waste is not considered feasible, community bins may be provided at strategic locations in the village. 2.The community may be motivated to deposit their dry recyclable waste into these bins. 3.Panchayat may arrange weekly collection of recyclable from these bins and store the same in a shed and periodically sell the recyclables to recyclers.

Managing Domestic Waste (Food waste and Dry recyclables) 1.Several farmers give away the left over food to their livestock or take such waste to their animal dung pit for conversion of waste into manure. In such situation, no special measures are necessary to deal with food waste. 2.In a situation where biodegradable waste is available, it may be kept separate and processed through home composting (Kerala model) or may be collected from the doorstep and converted into bio-gas (Bahal-Bhiwani-Haryana Model) or into vermi compost (Bohali-Kurukshetra Model)

Processing- Bahal Bio Gas Generation Model

Processing-Bohali Vermi Compost Model

Strategy to manage the road side manure pits in the rural areas 1.Consultation with community leadership 2.Quick survey to list out manure pits on each street/public space 3.Motivate farmers to re-align these haphazardly setup dung storage pits to a regularly shaped pit in a row on the same streets without causing any inconvenience or hardship to them 4.Re-aligned pits may be fenced on the roadside by a hedge plants to screen the heaps of animal dung and other organic waste and improve the aesthetics of the village.

Re-aligned and Hedged Manure Pits

Conversion of Animal dung to Vermi Compost 1.The farmers may be motivated to derive value from this waste by converting the animal dung manure &food waste into a vermi compost. 2.The existing animal dung pit may be converted into a vermi compost pit on the same site.

Thatched roof for the vermi pit Earth worms multiply and survive in a moist environment and under the shade. A simple thatched roof at a low height need to be provided by the farmers on their respective vermi pits.

Street Sweeping 1.Citizens may be motivated to participate in efforts to keep the village clean 2.The family members may clean the street in front of their dwelling and deposit the waste so collected at a place notified by panchayat or in their animal dung pit. 3.In large villages, the panchayats may provide limited street cleaning service to clean commercial streets, the school compound &Surface drains.

Proposed Intervention – Solid Waste Management Waste StreamProposed Models Food Waste1.Continue re-use as feed for animals; 2.Household composting/bio-gas; 3.Community-level systems – composting / biogas Animal fecal matter1.Streamline, arrange and make aesthetic the current arrangements of stacking the waste; 2.Convert to compost through vermiculture at kurdi / community level; 3.Promote household-level bio-gas systems where space and finance is available Sweepings1.Streamline current household practices with appropriate Behavior Change Communication; 2.GP-managed systems in areas not covered by households or where household action is limited Dry waste1.Segregate at source through provision of bins; 2.Door to door collection / Transfer to street-level bins and then to village-level storage centres; 3.Periodic sale to recyclers who will collect and process periodically.

Indicative Financial Investment Envelope Size Class of GP SBM Allocation (Rs.) Management OptionSWM Capital Exp. (Rs.) Up to 150 Households (150 HH) 7 LakhBin at HH; Door to door collection (1 tricycle per 1500 population) /Community Bin, Storage Shed / community storage and composting; Dung composting for 30% HH and Biogas for 10% HH; 425, – 300 Households (300 HH) 12 Lakh620, – 500 Households (500 HH) 15 LakhBin at HH; Door to door collection (1 tricycle per 1500 population) /Community Bin, Storage Shed / community storage and composting; Dung composting for 30% HH and Biogas for 10% HH; 1033,000 More than 500 Households (1000 HH) 20 LakhBin at HH; Door to door collection (1 tricycle per 1500 population) /Community Bin, Storage Shed / community storage and composting; Dung composting for 30% HH and Biogas for 10% HH; 2067,000 Biogas plants will be financed by other GoI/State schemes and is not included in this estimate In Large villages, the level of urbanisation and livestock population would decide the portfolio of management options

Institutional Arrangements for LWM 1.SLWM resource team at State level: 2.SLWM resource team at District level: 3.Explore need for qualified persons/group at GP for O&M and enable GP to make provision 4.Involve SHGs, other community groups, and private sector / entrepreneurs for SLWM as Village Level Sanitarian (service provider) 5.Enable basic monitoring/recording systems at GP level for identified indicators through SBM-G

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