Chapter 8 Section 1 Washington takes Office

Discuss how the new government was organized during Washington’s presidency. Explain why the new nation faced an economic crisis. Identify the three parts of Hamilton’s financial plan. Describe how Washington responded to the Whiskey Rebellion. Objectives

Terms and People inauguration– a ceremony in which the President takes the oath of office precedent– an example to be followed by others in the future bond – a certificate issued by a government for an amount of money that the government promises to pay back with interest speculator– a person who invests in a risky venture in the hope of making a large profit

Terms and People (continued) unconstitutional – contrary to what is permitted by the Constitution tariff – a tax on imported goods

How did President Washington set the course for the new nation? President Washington set precedents for the nation by choosing top advisors to form his Cabinet and by establishing the court system.

In April of 1789, George Washington began his term as the first President of the United States. His inauguration was held on April 30, 1789.

Washington had several reasons to feel anxious as he started his term as President. The country was divided on many issues. His actions would set a precedent. The new nation depended on him.

The first job of the President and the Congress was to put a working government in place. Congress passed laws to set up the three departments of the executive branch. TreasuryWarState

Washington appointed four well-known men as his top advisors. This group later became known as the Cabinet. Alexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury Thomas JeffersonSecretary of State Henry KnoxSecretary of War Edmund RandolphAttorney General

Washington also established a judiciary, or court system. Supreme Court Circuit Courts District Courts

Washington also faced the challenge of America’s significant debt. The American colonies needed money for the war. The new government owed money to its investors. Americans and foreigners bought bonds to help the war effort.

The nation’s economic crisis was complicated by the issue of speculators. Speculators had bought bonds from the original buyers for less than they were worth. If the government paid its debt, speculators would make a profit. Many Americans thought this was unfair.

The new government was not collecting enough money to repay its debt. It needed new sources of income.

Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton developed a plan to solve the financial crisis. The government would: Pay all federal and state debts Create a national bank Impose a high tax on imported goods

Many Southerners opposed Hamilton’s plan for the government to repay state debts. Southerners thought each state should repay its own debts. Hamilton believed his plan would encourage future investors. Southerners supported Hamilton after Congress agreed to build the new capital city in the South.

In 1791, Congress created the National Bank. Americans disagreed over whether the Constitution gave government this power. Supporters pointed out that the Constitution gave Congress the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” for fulfilling its duties. Opponents believed a national bank was unconstitutional, because it was not specifically addressed in the Constitution.

Congress did not pass Hamilton’s tariff plan. In 1791, it imposed a tax on all U.S. whiskey. This led to a farmer’s revolt known as the Whiskey Rebellion. Washington sent troops to end the revolt.

Chapter 8 Section 2

Explain how early political parties emerged. Compare the political views of the Republicans and the Federalists. Discuss the result of the election of Objectives

Terms and People faction – an organized political group James Madison – supported Thomas Jefferson’s Republican views Thomas Jefferson – Republican candidate for President in 1796 and the nation’s second Vice President Alexander Hamilton – Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury; supported Federalist ideas

Terms and People (continued) John Adams – Federalist candidate for President in 1796 and the nation’s second President

How did two political parties emerge? Washington and others feared that factions would be destructive to the new government. Early political groups were called factions. They were widely thought to be selfish groups.

By the 1790s, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were quarreling and growing apart. Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury

Jefferson’s and Hamilton’s differences led to the development of the first political parties. Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson and his ally, James Madison. Federalists supported Alexander Hamilton and his ideas.

The Republicans wanted to keep most power at the state or local level. They feared that a strong central government would act like a monarchy. Federal government States

The Federalists said that the United States needed a strong federal government. They believed the federal government would hold the country together and deal with its problems. Federal government States

Federalists were strong among Northern merchants. Republicans were supported largely by Southern farmers. The two parties also had geographic differences.

Federalists and Republicans disagreed about many issues. RepublicansFederalists Were led by Thomas JeffersonWere led by Alexander Hamilton Believed people should have political power Believed wealthy and educated should lead Favored strong state governmentFavored strong central government Emphasized agricultureEmphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade Favored strict interpretation of Constitution Favored loose interpretation of Constitution Were pro-FrenchWere pro-British Opposed national bankFavored national bank Opposed protective tariffFavored protective tariff

In 1796, Washington said he would not seek a third term. There would be an election. Republican Candidate Thomas Jefferson Federalist Candidate John Adams Both political parties nominated a candidate.

In 1796, the President and Vice President were not elected together, as they are today. The second-place candidate became Vice President. The candidate with the most votes became President.

Adams finished first and Jefferson finished second. The nation gained a Federalist President and a Republican Vice President. John Adams #1 Thomas Jefferson #2 This led to serious tensions during the next four years.

Chapter 8 Section 3

Discuss the conflicts with Native Americans in the Northwest Territory. Describe how Americans reacted to the French Revolution. Identify the main points of Washington’s Farewell Address. Summarize Washington’s accomplishments as President. Objectives

Terms and People Anthony Wayne – Revolutionary War hero who led American troops to victory against Native Americans neutral – not favoring either side in a dispute impressment – forcing people into public service or use John Jay – government representative who negotiated the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1795

How did the actions of Britain and France affect the United States? Britain was supporting Native American attacks on American settlers. Britain and France were seizing American ships to gain their support. Washington secured the Northwest Territory and encouraged Americans to stay neutral in European affairs.

The Treaty of Paris gave America a vast area called the Northwest Territory. Ohio River Mississippi River Northwest Territory

British troops remained in the Northwest Territory. They aided Native Americans in resisting American settlement. Americans wanted British troops to withdraw. Northwest Territory British troops

America faced conflict with Native Americans in the Northwest Territory. Native Americans wanted to keep their lands. American leaders wanted to settle the West. They attacked many American settlements. They tried to force Native Americans to sell their lands.

Washington sent troops to end the Native American attacks on settlers. Native Americans defeated American troops in 1790 and In 1794, Americans led by General Anthony Wayne won a major victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

In the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, Native American leaders gave up most of their lands. This land makes up present day Ohio.

The French Revolution began in At first, most Americans supported the revolution. During the Reign of Terror, revolutionaries executed more than 17,000 people. After this, the revolution became controversial in America.

By 1793, France and Britain were at war. Washington wanted America to remain neutral. United States Both countries wanted the U.S. to choose a side. They began stopping and seizing American ships. Britain France

The British made matters worse by the impressment of sailors on American ships. They forced American sailors to serve in the British navy.

Hamilton urged Washington to stay friendly with Britain. Britain purchased 75 percent of American exports. AmericaBritain They supplied 90 percent of American imports.

Washington sent John Jay to Britain. In 1795, Jay returned with the Jay Treaty. America agreed to: pay debts owed to British merchants Britain agreed to: pay for seized ships leave the Northwest territory stop aiding Native Americans end impressment

Since Federalists controlled the Senate, the Jay Treaty passed. Republicans opposed the treaty. They believed it gave too much to Britain and too little to America. Federalists were in favor of the treaty because it kept peace with Britain. The Jay Treaty was controversial.

In 1796, Washington published his Farewell Address to fellow Americans. Washington made two main points: 2.He believed that the United States should not become involved in European affairs. 1.He feared that political divisions would tear the nation apart.

Washington took pride in his accomplishments. America had a functioning federal government. The economy was improving. He had avoided war. The Northwest Territory was free from British troops and safe to settle.

Chapter 8 Section 4

Discuss the reasons for tension between the United States and France. Describe the main provisions of the Alien and Sedition acts. Explain how controversy arose over states’ rights. Objectives

Terms and People alien – an outsider or someone from another country sedition – activity designed to overthrow a government nullify – to deprive of legal force states’ rights – the idea that the union binding “these United States” is an agreement between the states and that they therefore can overrule federal law

How did problems with France intensify the split between the Federalists and the Republicans? John Adams succeeded Washington as President in Adams immediately faced a crisis over relations with France.

U.S. neutrality the Jay Treaty Recent actions by American leaders provoked angry responses from the French people. The French snubbed a U.S. diplomat and attacked U.S. ships.

In 1797, Adams sent a mission to France. This led to a scandal known as the XYZ Affair. French agents demanded that the U.S. pay them a large bribe. The Americans refused. The French agents were anonymously known as X, Y, and Z. bribe $$

The XYZ Affair caused war fever in America. Adams asked Congress to increase the size of the army and rebuild the navy. From 1798–1800, the United States fought an undeclared naval war with France.

Adams opposed a full-scale war with France. He sent a new mission to France to meet with dictator Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1800, Napoleon agreed to stop seizing American ships. Adams had avoided war.

In 1798, war fever drove Federalists to pass laws to destroy their political opponents. The Sedition Act targeted Republicans. The Alien Act was directed at aliens, such as immigrants. aliens Republicans

Alien Act Increased the duration, from 5 to 14 years, that a person had to live in the U.S. to become a citizen. Gave the President power to deport or imprison any alien considered dangerous.

Sedition Act The harshest law limiting free speech ever passed in the U.S. Made it a crime for anyone to write or say anything insulting or false about the President, Congress, or the government.

Passage of the Alien and Sedition acts renewed the debate over federal versus state power. Arguments for State’s Rights Arguments for Federal Power The federal government derives its power from rights given to it by the states. Because the states created the United States, individual states have the power to nullify a federal law. The federal government derives its power from rights given to it by the American people. States have no power to nullify federal laws. States cannot revoke federal powers set forth in the Constitution.

Republicans fought the Alien and Sedition acts. Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions that declared the acts unconstitutional. These state resolutions had little immediate impact, but the Alien and Sedition acts did not last long. The Sedition Act expired in The waiting period to become a citizen was restored to 5 years in 1802.

The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were far more important than the laws that provoked them. They claimed that states could nullify a law passed by Congress. The resolutions also boosted the idea of states’ rights.