=gFuEo2ccTPA copyright cmassengale1

Characteristics of Life All living things are made of cells copyright cmassengale2

The discovery of the cell became possible with the development of the microscope DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

All living things are made of one or more cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells The Cell Theory

5 Cell Size and Types Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope Three Basic types of cells include: Animal CellPlant Cell Bacterial Cell

6  Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles  Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells copyright cmassengale

7 Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize copyright cmassengale

8 Multicellular Organisms Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions) copyright cmassengale

9 Specialized Animal Cells Muscle cells Red blood cells Cheek cells Shape – The shape of a cell varies depending on the function of the cell Nerve cell

10 Specialized Plant cells Xylem cells Pollen Guard Cells copyright cmassengale

Size – Most cells cannot be seen with the naked eye. They range from 2 meters long to.2 micrometers Cell Diversity Longest cell Neuron = 1.3m Largest cell= ova Smallest cell=sperm

12 Which Cell Type is Larger? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cellAnimal cellbacteria copyright cmassengale

13 Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm copyright cmassengale

14 Organelles copyright cmassengale

15 Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable Cell membrane Surrounding the Cell copyright cmassengale

16 Golgi Bodies Have a shipping side & a receiving sideHave a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins (by using enzymes) made by ER.Receive & modify proteins (by using enzymes) made by ER. Proteins are used either inside or outside of the cellProteins are used either inside or outside of the cell Transport vesicle copyright cmassengale

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18 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins Used in the cell, manufactures lipids, gets rid of poisons Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT copyright cmassengale

19 Lysosome Contain digestive enzymesContain digestive enzymes Break down food and worn out cell parts for cellsBreak down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts) copyright cmassengale

20 Controls the normal activities of the cell Contain the DNA Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes Control Organelle Nucleus copyright cmassengale

21 Nucleolus Inside nucleusInside nucleus Makes ribosomes that make proteinsMakes ribosomes that make proteins copyright cmassengale

22 Rod shape Site of energy production Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) copyright cmassengale

23 Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP In Animal Cells: Mitochondria

24 Nonliving layer Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells Cell wall Cell Wall copyright cmassengale

25 Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion Cytoplasm Cytoplasm copyright cmassengale

26 Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place Cytoplasm Cytoplasm of a Cell copyright cmassengale

27 Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast

28 Plant Cell Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Cell wall copyright cmassengale

29 Have a large central vacuole Stores sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole copyright cmassengale

30 Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells copyright cmassengale

31 mitochondrion nucleus glycogen granule cell membrane cytoplasm Animal cell No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy vacuole copyright cmassengale

32 Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium copyright cmassengale

33 Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria copyright cmassengale

34 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cellsPlant cells Relatively smaller in size Irregular shape No cell wall Relatively larger in size Regular shape Cell wall present copyright cmassengale

35 Animal cellsPlant cells Vacuole small or absent Glycogen as food storage Nucleus at the center Large central vacuole Starch as food storage Nucleus near cell wall Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells copyright cmassengale

36 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

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REVIEW Organelle that digests waste/broken cell parts Like a highway transports proteins Like a post office-packages proteins getting them ready for transport Largest organelle in a plant – used to store things Responsible for making ribosomes copyright cmassengale39

40 Levels of organization Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions copyright cmassengale

41 Tissue A group of similar cells to perform a particular function –Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue –Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll copyright cmassengale

42 Organ Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions –Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels –Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue copyright cmassengale

43 Stoma Air Space Spongy Mesophyll Cell Chloroplast The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ) Palisade Mesophyll Cell copyright cmassengale

44 The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ) copyright cmassengale

45 System Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way –Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems –Plant : root and shoot systems copyright cmassengale

46 Human Body Systems Examples of systems :  Digestive System  Respiratory System  Circulatory System  Nervous System  Reproductive System copyright cmassengale

47 Examples of a Human Body System copyright cmassengale

48 Examples of a Human Body System copyright cmassengale

49 Examples of a Human Body System Circulatory System copyright cmassengale

50 Examples of a Human Body System Nervous System copyright cmassengale

51 Levels of Organization  CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)  TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)  ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)  SYSTEMS (circulatory system)  ORGANISM (human) copyright cmassengale

52 It’s You! copyright cmassengale

The Liver Largest organ Weighs lbs Size of a football Most important organ; used to produce and store biochemicals Used to detoxify the body, removes bacteria, stores vitamins copyright cmassengale53 The liver is located on the right side of your body beneath the ribs. Copyright © 2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA USA. All rights reserved.

Diseases If the liver is exposed to toxins for to long it can become damaged and not do it’s job –Cirrhosis – drinking alcohol –Hepatitis C –Increased salt intake can decrease the livers ability to break down toxins 54

Biomedical Engineering Can now grow artificial organs for people who need new livers M3zOffI4http:// M3zOffI4 Engineers need to understand how the liver works in order to be able to create new organs or regenerate just a portion of the liver –Only need ¼ of the original liver copyright cmassengale55

Bioengineering Lab As our bodies remove waste products and toxins to keep us healthy hydrogen peroxide is produced (h2O2). An enzyme in our liver breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen which is not harmful to us. When we ingest excess salt the liver cells break down the hydrogen peroxide less effectively. You will be investigating this process copyright cmassengale56