1. Biology I Mid-Term Review

2. Levels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
ORGANISM (human)

3. Macromolecules
Names
Structures (what their molecular structures look like, what elements make them up)
Function/Purpose
Monomers/Building blocks
Organic (has carbon ex CO2) vs inorganic (no carbon ex H20)
For example…if an organism eats meat, then it will get broken down into amino acids which are the building blocks of protein!!
Example…when we eat lipids…we digest them and they get broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

4. Water
Properties
Its polarity makes water able to dissolve many ionic and molecular compounds
Homeostasis: Helping body to maintain a “steady state”. Example. person exercises and body temperature increases-then blood vessels near the surface of the skin in get bigger-then body temperature decreases
Homeostatic Control System: An example would be the core body temperature of a runner doesn’t rise despite the production of heat from exercise

5. Organelles Structure/what it looks like Function/purpose
Vesicle: a bubble-like structure that forms from organelles to transport substances to various parts of the cell
Lysosomes: Degrades foreign substances such as bacteria that enter the cell
Nucleus: Directs cells activities
Ribosomes: Makes proteins
Mitochondria: Where cellular respiration takes place. MORE IN ANIMALS since we have muscle cells which contain a lot of mitochondria.
Cell membrane: Regulates the passage of water, food and waste into and out of a cell. Made up of a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipids make up the majority of the membrane and then proteins are wedged inside of them.

6. Energy How it is stored? (Forms i.e. light, bonds, etc)
Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration aka respiration
Chloroplast vs Mitochondria
phytoplankton vs zooplankton
Reactants vs Products
Carbon Cycle (add on to this greenhouse gases vs atmospheric gases)
Biomass
Food Web…10 percent rule.
Trophic Pyramid (Producers, etc.)
All ecosystems take in their energy in the form of light. Energy exits the system as thermal (heat) energy.

7. Biomass: Producers have the greatest amount of biomass
Click on the links below to get information

9. Energy Flow Light energy flows into a plant during photosynthesis
During photosynthesis, as light energy flows into the system, sunlight is absorbed.
Chemical energy flows within the system during photosynthesis
During photosynthesis, as energy flows within the system, bonds form in sugar.
Heat energy flows out of the system during Cellular Respiration.
During Cellular Respiration, energy flows out after bonds break in sugar.

10. Green house Gases
Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have the effect of raising the average global temperature of Earth because they absorb infrared radiation from Earth
The atmospheric gas responsible for most of the green house effect observed on Earth is water, but the gas responsible for most of the change observed in the greenhouse effect over the last 200 years is carbon dioxide.
Plants convert carbon in the form of Carbon dioxide into organic molecules (sugar).
When carbon is absorbed into the ocean, it increases the acidity of the ocean and lowers the pH

11. Compare Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Only during daylight (when the sun is out)
Take light energy to make chemical energy
All the time (24 hours/day)
Converts chemical energy into heat (thermal) energy

12. Cells
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Plants vs Animal Cells

13. Other How to analyze a graph
Enzymes (how temperature and pH impact its activity)
pH scale
Genes: a section of DNA that codes for a protein
Hormones are chemicals in our bodies that are secreted by glands. These hormones then get carried to different organs where they will then carry out a function.
Male mammals have sperm that is their reproductive cell

14. Check for understanding.
Describe the function and structure of two eukaryotic membrane bound organelles other than the nucleus.
Describe the structure and function of 3 components that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common.

15. Basic Structure of a Cell

16. Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms
Cells can only be observed under microscope
Basic types of cells:
Bacterial Cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

17. Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell
Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize

18. Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)

19. Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA Cell membrane & cell wall
Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm

20. Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with organelles

21. Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

22. Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm

23. Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) – canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins

24. Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacs
Have a shipping side & a receiving side
Receive & modify proteins made by ER
Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends
Transport vesicle

25. Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes
Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells
Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)

26. Nucleolus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Inside nucleus
Disappears when cell divides
Makes ribosomes that make proteins

27. Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT

28. Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape
Site of Cellular respiration

29. In Animal Cells: Mitochondria
Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria
Burn sugars to produce energy ATP

30. Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane
Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
Selectively permeable

31. Cell or Plasma Membrane
Cell membrane
Living layer
Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable

32. Cell or Plasma Membrane
Cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Regulates the passage of water, food and waste into & out of a cell

33. Cell Wall Cell wall Nonliving layer
Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells

34. Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

35. More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion

36. Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell
Contain the DNA
Bounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes

37. More on the Nucleus Nucleus
Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics

38. Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis

39. Plant Cell Cell wall Dead layer
Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers
Freely permeable

40. Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigid
Found in plant cells

41. Plant Cell
Cell wall
Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess water into the cell
Give shape to the cell

42. Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole Have a large central vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sap
Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments

43. Different kinds of plant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells

44. Animal cell No cell wall or chloroplast
vacuole
cytoplasm
No cell wall or chloroplast
Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
nucleus
mitochondrion
cell membrane
glycogen granule

45. Animal Cell Organelles
Near the nucleus
Paired structures
Help cell divide

46. Different kinds of animal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium

47. Similarities between plant cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria

48. Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Relatively smaller in size
Relatively larger in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
Cell wall present

49. Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
Vacuole small or absent
Large central vacuole
Glycogen as food storage
Starch as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Nucleus near cell wall

50. The cell is the Basic Unit of Life
Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms
Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only
The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions
e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption

51. Levels of organization
Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions

52. Tissue A group of similar cells to perform a particular function
Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll

53. Organ
Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions
Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels
Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue

54. The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Air Space
Stoma

55. The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)

56. System
Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way
Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems
Plant : root and shoot systems

57. Human Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Reproductive System

58. Examples of a Human Body System

59. Examples of a Human Body System

60. Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System

61. Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System

62. Levels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
ORGANISM (human)

63. It’s You!