BELL WORK: Double hamburger fold and glue your tropisms paper into your journal page from yesterday Glue the flower picture onto the next journal page.

Set up the journal pages below: Date: Title: Plant Reproduction Essential Question: How do systems interact to help a plant reproduce? Yes, Cornell notes!

Anticipation Guide: Decide if the following statements are true or false 1.Some plants are unicellular organisms 2.Plants are prokaryotic and animals are eukaryotic 3.Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs 4.Plants have chitin in their cell walls 5.Pollination is a part of plant reproduction 6.There are carnivorous plants

Yesterday, we saw the parts and processes involved in plant response. Today, we will focus on: Response how do plants respond to their environment? Reproduction how do plants make more plants? Transport how do things move around inside a plant? We combine individual parts to make a system. Those systems work together to help a plant maintain homeostasis.

Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants Flowers can be male, female, or both. Perfect flowers are have both male and female parts. We’ll be using perfect flowers in all of our examples.

MALE STRUCTURES  ANTHER: produces pollen (sperm); where meiosis occurs  FILAMENT: supports the anther  STAMEN: anther + filament Find a BLUE crayon or pencil. Color the male structures of your flower BLUE. Be sure to add a key on your diagram!

FEMALE STRUCTURES:  STIGMA: sticky; receives pollen  STYLE: tube connecting stigma & ovary  OVARY: contains ovules (eggs); where meiosis occurs  PISTIL: stigma + style + ovary Find a RED crayon or pencil. Color the female structures of your flower RED. Be sure to add a key on your diagram!

Reproductive Structures Petals: colourful structures that attract pollinators. Sepals: surround and protect the flower bud.

Flower Structure Quiz What is the name of the structure labelled X in the diagram? sepal stamen peduncle carpel X

Flower Structure Quiz Where is pollen made? stigma sepal anther ovary

Flower Structure Quiz Where is the ovule found in a flower? petals style nectary ovary

Pollination is how the ovules get fertilized. Discuss with your table: based on your diagram, how do you think pollination happens? Be prepared to share your answer with the class!

Pollination The pollen grain contains the male gamete So, this is what sexual reproduction in plants looks like...awkward

POLLINATION: pollen transfers from anther to stigma; creates fertilized ovules (seeds) Click to view the animation CROSS-POLLINATION: occurs between more than one flower; promotes genetic variation SELF-POLLINATION: occurs within one flower; reduces genetic variation

Flowers can prevent self-pollination by either having the stigma above the stamen or by having parts mature at different times

Pollen can be transferred by: wind, bees, butterflies, birds, moths, flies

Pollination Quiz Pollination is the transfer from….? the stigma to anther style to stamen anther to stigma ovule to filament

Pollination Quiz Cross-pollination… Increases variation Decreases variation Is only performed by wind Is only performed by insects

Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the pollen grain down through the style to the ovule. Fertilization occurs when the male gamete fuses with the ovule (the female gamete) stigma style ovary ovule carpel Note: Petals not shown in order to simplify diagram Click to view the animation

Seeds and Fruit {The ovary ripens into a fruit. {OVARY => FRUIT {After a flower is fertilized, the petals and sepals fall off. {The ovule becomes a seed. {OVULES => seeds *hormones help with this development*

Flower to Fruit

Seeds and fruit can be dispersed by: wind, animals, gravity, or water

Seed dispersal quiz Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture mechanical wind animal water

What about reproduction without flowers?

Mosses, ferns, and related plants have swimming sperm. The leafy tips of mosses produce male and female sex cells. Male sex cells swim through water on the surface of the plant to reach and fertilize female cells. Fertilization produces a spore capsule, that scatters spores into the air. What kind of environmental conditions would be required for reproduction in these plants? What kinds of limits does external reproduction impose on these plants?

Germination

Seed Germination

Conditions required for germination Summarise the findings of the experiment shown below: 4oCA4oCA moist dry Warm B Warm C Warm D Warm E Oxygen present No oxygen No light Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen) Click to listen to an explanation

While germinating the plant uses food stores in the cotyledon (seed) to provide energy for growth light soil germination Plant growth and development The seedling can now photosynthesise and make its own food

Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed: Seed loses weight as it uses up starch stores in the cotyledons as the seedling cannot photosynthesise yet Days Dry mass/g Dry mass is the mass of solid matter with all water removed Weight increases as the seedling can photosynthesise and plant grows

Debrief/Summary: Explain how gravitropism and the reproductive system can work together. WORKTOGETHERWORKTOGETHER