ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
What is AD? Process: microbs attack OM + no oxygen = biogas + solid + liquid residue Common: stabilisation of sewage sludge, digestive tract or ruminants, landfill, marshlands
Why AD? Landfill CH4: fire, greenhouse gas Leachate: water pollution Impermeable landfill caps: lateral movement Remedy: make use of landfill CH4 (but) Site operational problems (corrosive trace gas) Unpredictable generation rates Maintenance issues Inadequate gas collection system
Why AD? Promotion of controlled degradation Strategic plant location Gas: More consistent supply, recover all gas Digestate: agricultural or horticultural application Waste mgmt: reduce landfill space, reduce leachate and landfill gas
The AD Process Essentially 4 steps Hydrolysis Acidogenesis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis
The AD Process Hydrolysis Hydrolytic bacteria produce extracellular enzyme break down and liquefy complex insoluble organic polymers Proteins – amino acids, fats – LCFA, Carbohydrate – simple sugars Hydrolysis rate governed by substrate availability, bacterial population, pH and temp.
The AD Process Acidogenesis Make acetic acid and VFA from preceding monomers CO2 and H2 from catabolism of carbohydrate Also some simple alcohols Proportion of different by-products depend on environmental condition, bacterial species
The AD Process Acetogenesis Degrade LCFA & VFA to acetate, CO2 and H2 Methanogenesis Methane end-product Acetoclastic: use acetic acid/acetate (75% CH4 produce) Hydrogenothropic: use CO2 & H2 Decrease VFA, pH naturally regulated
T_Fk T_Fk T_Fk VVHI VVHI VVHI
Feedstock Yes: Biodegradable materials No: Non-biodegradable & inorganic material Toxic to reactor contents Reduce reactor space Digestate heavy metal
Feedstock Pre-treatment Size reduction Homogenous supply Remove contaminants (source separation or mechanical) Sewage sludge Common Suitable if heavy metal below digester toxic level or land application
Feedstock Municipal Waste 70% organic, readily degradable ¼ of total E.g. paper & card better recycle or incinerate
Feedstock Garden waste Shred for homogeneity High lignin content Organic industrial waste Food/ drink processing, organic chemicals, pharmaceutical and fermentation industries Suitable solid/liquid form, individually or mixed with other wastes
Feedstock Manures Good organic characteristics (solid or liquid) Can mix with other waste to enhance process stability Relatively low gas yield
Feedstock Typical gas yields and solids content of different wastes
Feedstock Typical Biogas Quality
Reactor Feedstock preparation – reactor (digester) Where optimize microbiological processes of AD, produce gas and digestate Diverse reactor designs great diversity of waste composition choice of operational parameters
Reactor Type - One Stage ‘Wet’ system (<15% TS) ‘Dry’ system (>20% TS)
‘Wet’ system (<15% TS) Reactor Type- One Stage
Reactor Type – Two Stage Separate phases Control process, more methane yield
Reactor Type - Two Stage Without biomass retention With biomass retention
Reactor sizing Effective tank volume affected by hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) V = HRT. Qwhere Q = flow rate OLR = S0/HRTS0 = feed conc Sizing fix one criteria
Reactor Sizing HRT Affects OM removal and specific gas production Calculate min. value Below which substrate does not degrade and not produce gas Avoid anaerobe washout Min HRT 4-10 days for mesophilic AD
Reactor Sizing OLR Overload risk with highly digestible feedstock e.g alcohols Substrate with small VS, can put large volumes Thermophilic plant 2x load E.g Mesophilic plants: 3-4 kg VS/m3 digester, thermophilic: 7-8 kg VS/m3
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Operational Parameters Temperature Degradation rates, yields, increase with temp Thermophilic: require increase heating Thermophilic less stable, go two stage
Operational Parameters Mixing Eliminate scum Uniform temperature Better microbial and waste contact Release methane to headspace Eg. Internal impellers, biogas re-circulation, mix feedstock with recycle liquors
Operational Parameters Nutrients C/N ratio 20/1 – 30/1: optimal methane prod Nitrogen methane-forming bacteria growth Phosphorous Phosphorous requirement 1/7 or 1/5 of nitrogen Others (decreasing order): iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, selenium, riboflavin, vitamin B 12 Supplementation Nitrogen – urea, aqueous ammonia, ammonium chloride Phosphorous – phosphoric acid or phosphate salt
Process Monitoring Stable process: Low VFA <1000mg/l; CO % Temporary imbalance because: Temperature change Organic loading Substrate type Prolonged imbalance because (start-up): materials toxic to methane bacteria extreme pH drop
Process Monitoring pH, alkalinity and VFA – integral expression of reactor acid-base conditions pH Stable AD: pH Control pH drops < 6.5: Lime: insoluble calcium carbonate Sodium bicarbonate: metal cation toxicity Anhydrous ammonia: excess ammonia Mixtures Ca(OH)2, NaOH, KOH
Process Monitoring VFA Depends on substrate Normal mgAc/l VFA increase due to loading increase Unstable process; VFA increase, alkalinity drops Normal VFA/Alk< 0.3
Process Monitoring Alkalinity Acid neutralising capacity of medium From ammonia (protein degradation), bicarbonate (CO2 solubilisation in liquid phase) Typical values mg/l CaCO3
Process Monitoring Toxicity Ammonia High loading & pH, NH3 >1250 mg/l : AD failure Low loading & neutral pH, NH3 > 5000 mg/l: still tolerated Free ammonia high pH, toxic to AD system Ammonia remedy: reactor dilution, C/N adjustment
Process Monitoring Sulfides Threshold value: mg/l Introduced from waste, biological sulfate reduction, protein degradation containing sulfur Heavy metals Toxic at low conc: copper, zinc, nickel Remedy: react with sulfides to precipitate as metal sulfides (insoluble)
Example AD Monitoring Meat waste, 13% TS, 180g/day Food Waste, 1% TS, 250g/day
AD Complete Picture