Team (Phoenix) Presents Parkinson’s Disease Prepared in partial satisfaction of the requirements for GPC 126, Physiological Psychology Spring Semester, 2016 METU-NCC Research Team Members İrem DEMİR Buse BOYACI Oğuzhan YILMAZ

Outline of Presentation 1. Definition of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) 2. Facts about PD 3. Reasons of PD 4. Consequences of PD 5. Treatment of PD

 Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects how the person moves, including how they speak and write.  The muscles of a person with Parkinson's become weaker and the individual may assume an unusual posture.  Parkinson's disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. Movement disorders describe a variety of abnormal body movements that have a neurological basis, and include such conditions as cerebral palsy, ataxia, and Tourette syndrome.

 cerebral palsy: The term cerebral palsy refers to a group of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement, muscle coordination, and balance. CP affects the part of the brain that controls muscle movements.  Ataxia: Ataxia describes a lack of muscle control during voluntary movements, such as walking or picking up objects. A sign of an underlying condition, ataxia can affect movement, speech, eye movement and swallowing.  Tourette syndrome: Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (Tourette Syndrome or TS) is a neurological disorder which becomes evident in early childhood or adolescence. The first symptoms usually are involuntary movements (tics) of the face, arms, limbs or trunk.  This disorders can become Parkinson’s Disease in future.

Some factors may raise or lower the risk of developing Parkinson's.  Circumin - an ingredient found in the spice turmeric, is apparently effective in preventing the clumping of a protein involved in Parkinson's disease, according to scientists from Michigan State University.  Flavonoids - adult males who regularly eat foods rich in flavonoids appear to have a considerably lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease, compared to others who do not, researchers in the USA and UK reported in the journal Neurology. Examples of foods include berries, apples, some vegetables, tea and red wine. In this study, the protective effects come from anthocyanins, a subclass of flavonoids.  REM sleep disorder - people with REM (rapid eye movement) sleep behavior disorder may have twice the risk of developing Parkinson's disease or mild cognitive impairment, compared to others without the disorder, researchers at the Mayo Clinic reported in Annals of Neurology.

Outline of Presentation 1. Definition of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) 2. Facts about PD 3. Reasons of PD 4. Consequences of PD 5. Treatment of PD

Did you know an estimated 700,000 people are directly impacted by Parkinson’s? They either have Parkinson’s, provide care to someone with Parkinson’s, or have a family member or close friend affected by Parkinson’s. A male has a 50% higher risk of developing Parkinson's disease than a female. Parkinson’s disease usually develops in people in their late 50s and early 60s, 1 though rarer forms of the disease can develop before the age of 40. One study of five European countries found that 1.6% of the population aged 65 or over had Parkinson’s disease.

Outline of Presentation 1. Definition of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) 2. Facts about PD 3. Reasons of PD 4. Consequences of PD 5. Treatment of PD

 The cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, but several factors appear to play a role, including:  Your genes. Researchers have identified specific genetic mutations that can cause Parkinson's disease, but these are uncommon except in rare cases with many family members affected by Parkinson's disease.  However, certain gene variations appear to increase the risk of Parkinson's disease but with a relatively small risk of Parkinson's disease for each of these genetic markers.  Environmental triggers. Exposure to certain toxins or environmental factors may increase the risk of later Parkinson's disease, but the risk is relatively small.

Outline of Presentation 1. Definition of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) 2. Facts about PD 3. Reasons of PD 4. Consequences of PD 5. Treatment of PD

 Parkinson's also affects the voice - a British mathematician believes he has created a cheap and easy to carry-out test using speech signal processing algorithms to accelerate the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Max Little, who developed the algorithm at Oxford University, says that Parkinson's not only impacts on limb movement, but also on how people speak; on their voices. Parkinson's also affects sense of smell - despite being incurable, doctors today can influence the course of the disease if Parkinson's is detected early enough; the destruction of brain cells can be slowed down - this means a better quality of life for the patient for many years. (Parkinsonian Gait Demonstration) Consequences

Outline of Presentation 1. Definition of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) 2. Facts about PD 3. Reasons of PD 4. Consequences of PD 5. Treatment of PD

 Parkinson's disease can't be cured, but medications can help control your symptoms, often dramatically.  In some later cases, surgery may be advised. Treatment

 Carbidopa-levodopa.  Dopamine agonists.  MAO-B inhibitors.  Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors.  Anticholinergics.  Amantadine. Medications

Surgical procedures  Deep brain stimulation.

Supportive therapies  Physiotherapy  Occupational therapy  Speech and language therapy  Diet advice

 This glove is called GyroGlove. It regulars hand shaking and allows smooth motion.  It eases writing, eating and even making coffee.

-Parkinson’s disease affects people’s movements. -Parkinson’s Disease may occurs resulting of some diseases such as cerebral palsy ataxia and tourette syndrome which are seen as childhood and adolesence. -Primary motor signs of Parkinson’s disease include the following:  Shaking of the hands, arms, legs, jaw and face,  Bradykinesia or slowness of movement,  Rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and trunk,  Postural instability or impaired balance and coordination. -Genes and environmental factors cause Parkinson’s Disease. -This disease affects voice and sense of smell. -Although there is no certain cure for Parkinson’s Disease, some treatments are used to decrease symptoms of it. Following: Carbidopa-levodopa,, Dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, Anticholinergics,Amantadine, Deep brain stimulation. SUMMARY

Thank you for your attention. Do you have any questions ?

References Nordqvist, C. (2014, September 17). All About Parkinson’s Disease. Retrieved from NINDS Cerebral Palsy Information Page. (2016, March 15). Retrieved from Parkinson's Disease. (2013, May 8). Retrieved from information/parkinsons-diseasehttps://lundbeck.com/ie/patient- information/parkinsons-disease Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015, July 7). Treatments and drugs. Retrieved from disease/basics/treatment/con disease/basics/treatment/con Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015, July 7). Causes. Retrieved from conditions/parkinsons-disease/basics/causes/con http:// conditions/parkinsons-disease/basics/causes/con