Effects of the European Exploration

After explorers sailed, nations set up colonies in the New World. –They created their own social and cultural patterns. –These cultures transformed not only Europe and America, but Asia and Africa, as well.

The Americas 2 Major Groups in America before Explorers/Conquistadors reached. –Aztecs/Incas.

Aztecs Capital City: Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)

Aztecs Warlike people- conquered neighboring tribes and sacrificed to gods. –Greatly feared and resented by neighboring tribes. King considered a god. Prophecy: Aztec god would arrive to take throne again.

Aztecs Social patterns of Aztecs: –Made up of wealthy and lower class citizens. Class determined lifestyle. Food, clothing, education, and housing.

Decline of Aztecs When he arrived, the Aztecs tried to appease him with gold, but this made the Spanish want more. Cortes marched on Tenochtitlan and took Montezuma hostage. Montezuma died soon and the Aztecs were captured in 1521.

Incas Located in modern day Peru. Empire as large as the Chinese or Ottoman Empires. Forced citizens to do military service and labor. Economy based on agriculture. Had an extensive irrigation system that could supply citizens, and the army.

Decline of Incas Pizzaro landed on Western Coast of South America with intention of invading Incas. Kidnapped leader, Atahualpa, at a large Incan celebration. –After being offered huge ransom, Pizzaro killed him, anyways. Hundreds of soldiers killed and Incas soon conquered.

How did small Spanish armies conquer large empires? Weapons Disease Religious practices Internal division

Characteristic of Spanish America Dominated by Catholic Church. Rigid class systems. Government dominated by Spanish monarch. –Viceroys- represented king in colonies. Planned and directed empire’s growth in the New World. Encomienda System-a number of natives entrusted to a settler who took responsibility for teaching the Catholic faith. –Natives worked in exchange for their education. –Naturally, turned into a slave system.

Spanish America Mineral resources and agriculture were the two main sources of income. –Mined for gold and silver by forcing natives to do labor. –Imported slaves from Africa to work on plantations called hacienda. Class System: 1. Peninsulares 2. Criollos 3. Mestizos 4. Mulatos

Dutch Colonies Dutch seafaring people and excellent sailors. Calvinism the dominant religion in Netherlands. Dutch colonies were very businesslike and did not force conversion on their citizens. (p. 211) –Opened various trading centers throughout the world.

English Colonies Cabot’s voyages gave first claim in North America. 1 st permanent colony- Jamestown (1607) –By 1760’s, had greatest colonial empire in the world. Francis Drake led group of “sea dogs” who raided foreign ships. –Also, led successful voyages of exploration. Drake first English captain to sail around world.

English Colonies Set up trading posts throughout America and worked to expand overseas trade, not territory.

Effects of the Exploration on Africa Originally, Portuguese set up trading posts in Africa and were friendly with them. Economic interests took hold and began to enslave Africans for labor. –Set up sugar plantations on islands off coast of Africa. Eventually, Dutch, English, and French active in slave trade. By the 1600s, the slave trade was the main focus of relations with Africa.

Effects of the Exploration on Africa Many African kingdoms even participated in the slave trade and profited greatly. Europeans held slave raids and took people from their homeland. –Native populations were often reduced, greatly.

Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage Triangular trade part of slave trade in Atlantic ocean. (3 Distinct Stops) –first stage was that merchants shipped manufactured goods to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold. (weapons and liquor) –The second stage was the Middle Passage. Middle Passage- shipment of slaves and gold across the Atlantic to the Americas. –The Third stage was where merchants sent plantation products to Europe. (sugar, molasses, cotton)

Effects of the Exploration on the Americas Devastating to Natives. –New diseases –Exploitation –Breakdown of society –Loss of will to live. (90-90% of Native pop. died between 1492 and 1575)

Effects of the Exploration on the Americas There was an exchange of products and resources between the two hemispheres, also. Columbian Exchange- exchange of previously unknown plants and animals between the Old World and the New World. Gold and silver were exchanged, also.

Effects of the Exploration on the Americas The plantation system was developed. Slavery was based on race. The Americas resembled European culture increasingly. –At the same time, the native population, cultures, and lifestyles diminished significantly. Portuguese, French, English, and Spanish languages spread through the Americas

Effects of the Exploration on Asia Portuguese, British, and Dutch merchants set up new colonies in India and China. –They saw the potential for trade in Asian nations

Assignment Students will create a pamphlet that advertises, from a European perspective, political, economic, cultural, and technological changes that life held in the New World compared to life in the old Europe. Students will consult the Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade slides handed out separately in class. The pamphlet will describe each of the four categories using one page, each. It will list basic changes from each of the categories above and draw visual depictions of them. Students are encouraged to be creative and have fun with this assignment, as they will have the opportunity to share them with the class