CHAPTER 6 TECHNOLOGY, DIGITAL MEDIA, AND CURRICULUM INTEGRATION KASSANDRA WHORTON, ALISHIA BEST, JACOB FENNELL, AND MICHAEL BOYDSTON

OBJECTIVES ISTE NETS-T Standards 1 a-d; 2 a-d; 3 a-d; 4 b, c, d; 5 a-d Define curriculum and explain curriculum standards and learning benchmarks. Explain technology integration, also called curriculum integration. Describe the use of computers in computer labs and media centers versus classroom instruction. Identify ways in which technology can positively influence learning. Identify ways to plan for technology integration. Explain various planning tools and instructional models. Describe the steps of the ASSURE Model. Identify ways to get started using technology at a new school. Describe the use of learning centers.

KEY TERMS Anchored instruction [334] ASSURE Model [344] Authentic learning [334] Benchmark [326] Britannica [335] Centers [350] Cognitive scaffold [335] Computer lab [328] Computer lab on wheels [341] Computers on wheels (COWS) [341] Cooperative classroom activity [337] Cooperative learning [337] Curriculum [324] Curriculum framework [324] Curriculum goal [326] Curriculum guide [324] Curriculum integration [327] Curriculum standard [326] Education [324] Educational equalizer [336] Educational grant [348] Essential questioning technique [351] Evaluation [346] Evaluation process [346] Facilitator of learning [331] Grade Level Expectation (GLEs) [325] Higher-order thinking skills [337] In-service [348] Instructional model [344] Integration [327] KWHL chart [342] KWL chart [342] Learning centers [350] Learning objective [326] Learning style [331] Mastery Objective Checklist [325] Media center [328] Mentorship program [338] Participatory learning [334] Point of instruction [328] Problem-based instruction [335] Reflective evaluation [346] Secondary learning [334] Skill assessment survey [342] State bid list [348] Student objective [344] Teachable moment [328] Virtual field trip [330] Welliver’s Instructional Transformation Model [332] Wireless mobile lab [341]

WHAT IS CURRICULUM? The knowledge, skills, and performance standards students are expected to acquire in particular grade levels, or in clusters. It is designed at the state or district level. Teachers must understand it and be empowered to adapt it to meet the needs of their students. The State Education department provides the school districts with curriculum standards and benchmarks which are curriculum frameworks. School Districts Use Grade Level Expectation lists (GLEs). The purpose of GLEs is to show the skills that students are expected to master for each subject area in a specific grade. School districts have developed mastery checklists.

WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION? The combination of all technology parts, together with each subject-related area of curriculum to enhance learning. Using Technology to help meet the curriculum standards and learner outcomes for each lesson, unit, or activity. Teachers may take steps to integrate technology through the classroom experiences, activities, projects, and to connect the standards of the subject to real life. Technology should not drive curriculum but teachers should use the appropriate technology at the appropriate times to enhance learning and teach the standards.

CLASSROOM INTEGRATION VS. COMPUTER LABS AND MEDIA CENTERS. CLASSROOM INTEGRATION Computers and other technologies are more effective when integrated into the classroom at the point of instruction. Provides teachers with teachable moments Students retain knowledge better COMPUTER LABS AND MEDIA CENTERS Administrators opt for these because of cost and location. Central area where teachers can take students to work on projects. Computers easier to maintain in one particular area rather than in all classrooms.

INTERACTIVE WHITE BOARDS (SMARTBOARDS) & VIRTUAL FIELD TRIPS - Students can see what displays on a teacher’s computer monitor  Students can see and hear interactive digital media applications  Students can interact with the web and education software while asking questions.  Evaluation of technology resources is an important element in technology integration. With computers in the classroom for use at the point of instruction, the amount of student attention and interest is higher. Virtual field trips allow you to walk through doorways, down halls, and let you see everything in a three-dimensional world via a computer as if you were there. 

CURRICULUM INTEGRATION Computers and other technologies provide unique, effective, and powerful opportunities for many different types of teaching and learning.  It helps to Motivate students to learn.  It helps to address different learning styles and reach diverse learners. The Key: Identify what you are trying to accomplish in your curriculum.  Identify what the standards and related learning objectives are.  Identify an appropriate technology tool that will help you accomplish your goals.

LEARNING STYLES AND TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION Develop innovated ways to teach a diverse population of learners with different learning styles. The use of technologies and the web can help address learning styles and needs of today’s digital generation. Engaging students in different ways encourages them to take a more active role in learning.

CHANGING INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES The teacher’s role must change from the conventional sage on the stage method to a classroom where students are engaged in activities that allow them to construct knowledge or the guide on the side role. Teachers must shift to being the facilitator of learning. Two assumptions can be considered as this happens: 1. students can create their own learning and the teacher’s role is to assist in the process. 2. academic work extends beyond mere storage of information and students must now assimilate information and become problem solvers.

Welliver’s Instructional Transformation Model Familiarization – Teachers become aware of technology and its potential uses. Utilization – Teachers use technology, but minor problems will cause teachers to discontinue its use. Integration – Technology becomes essential for the educational process and teachers are constantly thinking of ways to use in their classrooms. Reorientation – Teachers begin to rethink the educational goals of the classroom with the use of technology. Revolution - The evolving classroom becomes completely integrated with technology in all subject areas. Technology becomes an invisible tool that is seamlessly woven into the teaching and learning process.

BARRIERS TO TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION Lack of teacher training Security constraints that impede instructional strategies Lack of administration support Limited time for teacher planning Computer placement in remote locations making access difficult Budget constraints Lack of high-speed school networks Basic resistance to change by many educators

WITH THE PROPER TECHNOLOGY TRAINING, TEACHERS CAN DO THE FOLLOWING: Create relationships between participatory learning and active teaching. Develop an appreciation for and understanding of the potential of technology. Learn to be creators of digital media for self-expression. Develop leadership skills and become role models for successful integration. Design integrated curriculum activities that develop critical thinking and problem solving skills. Learn the benefits of technology in the classroom. Develop ownership of the technology through authentic experiences. Learn to motivate students with digital media and other technologies. Achieve success by becoming informed and reflective decision makers. Become advocates for technology integration.

TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION AND THE LEARNING PROCESS Using computers or computer related technologies in the classroom can capture and hold students attention allowing them to grasp concepts more easily. Technologies that are interactive, provide learner control, and keep students engaged are a natural choice for improving instruction. The Learning Process Types of Learning: Authentic learning Participatory Learning Secondary Learning Anchored Instruction Problem-based Instruction

Technology can provide many tools to support various types of instruction and learning. Britannica: an interactive multimedia encyclopedia Cognitive scaffold: applications allow students to build a mental bridge for building an understanding of complicated concepts. The Internet has been called an educational equalizer. They give students of all backgrounds access to the same information. Technology also provides cooperative learning and leads to higher-order thinking skills. Technology and the Learning Process

STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY INTO TEACHING Put technology into the hands of trained teachers Make it easily accessible Let the teachers decide how best to use it at the point of instruction in the classroom *The main goal is to provide a consistent application of technology tools to support instructional curriculum areas.

THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL DISTRICT Technology Plan Purchasing and maintaining equipment & software Training teachers to use and integrate technology Mentorship Program Teams new or novice teachers with experienced teachers to encourage & learn to integrate technology resources

PLANNING FOR TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN THE CLASSROOM Just as planning is essential to effective instruction, it is also required for effective use & integration of technology in the classroom. One computer classrooms – the computer is essentially intended for use by the teacher. Two computer classrooms – the teacher must manage use of the computer, some questions that may assist the teacher are:  Will students rotate use of the computers on a daily basis?  How much time will each student be allowed?  Is it better to have the students work in groups? Multiple computer classrooms – probably best to have one large or several small learning centers that the students rotate through.

USING A COMPUTER LAB OR MEDIA CENTER This allows teachers to provide learning opportunities that are not possible in a one-, two-, or five- computer classroom. The most important advantage from using a computer lab is hands-on experience Another advantage is that all students have access to computers, internet, and software. Wireless Mobile Labs- also called a Computer lab on wheels or computers on wheels (COW). Brings technology to students without having to take them to a dedicated computer lab.

PLANNING LESSONS WITH TECHNOLOGY When planning lessons that use technology, teachers must consider the skills required by the students. Skill assessment survey – Designed to identify academic & technology skill levels KWL chart Know Want to know Learned KWHL chart – much like a KWL chart but adds how students will learn

INSTRUCTIONAL MODELS Before starting a lesson you must plan the lesson. This involves using an instructional model. -A systematic guide for planning instruction or a lesson. The Assure Model- -Analyze the learner: knowing the skill level of the student -State objectives: skills and knowledge you expect students to demonstrate at the end of instruction -Select methods, media, and materials: decide on the method of instruction, the media format, and select, modify, update or design materials for instruction -Utilize methods, media, and materials: as the teacher you must preview all media & material to determine if it is appropriate for the lesson -Require learner participation: lessons should motivate students to be participatory learners -Evaluate and revise: evaluate all aspects of the lesson

GETTING STARTED AT A NEW SCHOOL INFORMATION ABOUT TECHNOLOGY WHO ELSE IS USING THIS TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY? DOES YOUR SCHOOL HAVE A MENTORSHIP PROGRAM? OBSERVE YOUR SCHOOL MANUAL FOR A LIST OF VARIOUS SCHOOL COMMITTEES AND THEIR MEMBERS.

GETTING STARTED AT A NEW SCHOOL HARDWARE Should I upgrade my classroom computers? Technology committees help make the decisions on what new technologies will be purchased. Educational grants = Additional funds

GETTING STARTED AT A NEW SCHOOL SOFTWARE Check and see what software is already installed on your computers. Determine the procedure for purchasing additional software. Determine if your school district or state Department of Education has an adopted state bid list for purchasing software.

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER CREATING AN INTEGRATED LEARNING ENVIRONMENT Learning centers give you the opportunity to break your classroom into different types of learning environments. Essential Questioning Techniques When students learn how to ask appropriate questions, they have learned how to learn.

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER THE RESULT OF TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION Technology can make a difference in the classroom if used appropriately. Students’ self-esteem, self-confidence, and writing skills can improve as a result of technology. Reflection is important!!!

LEARNING THEORIES AND EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH All teaching theories have learning theories and educational research within the framework. They help all teachers form instructional strategies and technology integration techniques. Teachers learn to combine the different strategies and integration methods that are the most suitable for teaching students.

SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGY AND CURRICULUM INTEGRATION The best strategy is placing technology into the hands of students and trained teachers. Curriculum and technology as they apply to technology integration. Provided an introduction to the concept of technology integration that will help build integration literacy skills.