Civil Rights and Equal Rights Essential Questions: Why does conflict develop? View Video: Civil Rights and the 1950s: Crash Course US History # View Video: They Had a Dream, Too

Vocabulary Integrate (include) – To include people of all races Boycott (refuse to use) – To refuse to buy or use particular goods or services as a form of protest

Vocabulary Nonviolent protests (peaceful opposition) – A form of action in favor of a cause that involves marches, boycotts, and possibly deliberately breaking the law to highlight opposition to that law sit-in (sit down protest) – A form of protest in which activists sit down inside or in front of a business, thus interfering with the business's normal work

Vocabulary Freedom Ride (Integrated bus ride) – Integrated bus rides that went through segregated areas in order to draw attention to civil rights Literacy Tests (Reading/Writing Test) – An exam to show whether a person can read or write

Civil Rights and Equal Rights As a result of African Americans challenging segregation, several discrimination cases were heard by the Supreme Court during the 1940s.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights Lonnie Smith (a dentist) filed a lawsuit that led to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down the Texas Democratic Party's "white primary." Smith v. Allwright, 1944

Civil Rights and Equal Rights After he was denied admission to the University of Texas, Heman M. Sweatt sued the school and, in 1950, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in his favor, leading to the desegregation of several Texas colleges. Sweatt v. Painter, 1950

In what areas of civil rights work was White active?

Civil Rights and Equal Rights Desegregation of schools was ordered in 1954, following the court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. School boards across the country were forced to begin to integrate. View Video Clip: Brown v. Board of Education in PBS' The Supreme Court (4:53)

By the end of the 1950s, African American children and white children learned in integrated classrooms. Why was the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education an important blow to school segregation?

Civil Rights and Equal Rights African Americans also started to fight segregation by taking part in nonviolent protests such as marches, sit- ins, and boycotts.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights To encourage businesses to desegregate, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) members staged sit-ins at segregated lunch counters.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights In 1961, Texan James L. Farmer Jr. organized Freedom Rides, in which whites and African Americans traveled to the South in order to draw attention to segregation. View the video clip: "The Freedom Rides of 1961” (3:57) View the video clip: "The Freedom Riders History” (5:03)

After the Freedom Riders were met with violence, the federal government nationalized National Guard troops and placed them on buses that held the Riders for their protection. What Texas civil rights leader initiated the Freedom Riders?

Civil Rights and Equal Rights When he became president in 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson began to focus on ensuring civil rights for African Americans.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made literacy tests illegal, which led to an increase in African American voter registration. View Video Clip: “President Johnson and the Voting Rights Act of 1965” (8:01)

Voter registration among African Americans in Texas rose dramatically as a result of the civil rights movement, from 35 percent in 1960 to almost 60 percent in What impact did the change in African American voter registration have on politics in Texas?

Civil Rights and Equal Rights Mexican Americans had begun forming organizations to combat discrimination as early as the 1920s.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) emphasized the duties of being citizens while encouraging Mexican Americans to honor their heritage.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights The American G.I. Forum of Texas became involved in several discrimination cases that went to the Supreme Court.

Why did Dr. Hector García form the American G.I. Forum? Accomplishments Valedictorian of high school class Bachelor's degree from the University of Texas; medical degree from the University of Texas Medical School Became chapter president of League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Helped form the American G.I. Forum in 1948 to help Hispanic veterans Appointed by President Johnson as an alternate ambassador to the United Nations in 1967 and to the United States Commission on Civil Rights in 1968 Awards Bronze Star with six battle stars for service in World War II Presidential Medal of Freedom Presented by President Reagan in 1984 Hispanic Heritage Award Presented by National Hispanic Leadership Conference in 1989 Order of St. Gregory the Great Presented by Pope John Paul II in Honors In 1985 Yale created the Dr. Hector Pérez García Endowed Chair. In 1985 a city park in Corpus Christi was named after him. In 1988 the main post office branch in Corpus Christi was named after him. In 1996 the Texas A&M University satellite campus in Corpus Christi erected a statue of him. Dr. Hector P. García's Accomplishments

Civil Rights and Equal Rights The Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) focused on educational issues.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF), worked to increase Mexican American voter registration in Texas and other states. It also brought lawsuits to end discrimination, especially against women. MALDEF encouraged Mexican Americans to become lawyers and leaders in their communities.

How was the movement for equal rights for Mexican Americans related to the civil rights movement?

Civil Rights and Equal Rights Henry B. González was the first Mexican American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights The first Mexican American elected to the Texas legislature was Irma Rangel.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights Women began to demand equal rights in politics and the workplace after World War II. Organizations such as the National Organization for Women (NOW) encouraged women to seek office and demand equality.

Civil Rights and Equal Rights The National Women’s Conference was held in Houston in 1977 to develop a national plan to increase opportunities for all American women in all areas of life.

What kinds of rights were women seeking in supporting the Equal Rights Amendment?

Civil Rights and Equal Rights Barbara Jordan became the first African American woman elected to the Texas state Senate and the first African American Texan to be elected to the U.S. Congress.

Quiz B A 1. _____ filed a lawsuit that led to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down the Texas Democratic Party's "white primary." A. Hattie Mae White B. Lonnie Smith C. Lulu Belle White D. Lyndon B. Johnson 2. After he was denied admission to the University of Texas, _____ sued the school and, in 1950, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in his favor, leading to the desegregation of several Texas colleges. A. Heman M. Sweatt B. James L. Farmer, Jr. C. Martin Luther King Jr. D. Oliver Brown

Quiz C D 3. The Supreme Court ruling in the case of _____ forced school boards across the country to begin to integrate. A. Hernandez v. Driscoll CISD B. Reynolds v. Sims C. Brown v. Board of Education D. Plessy v. Ferguson 4. In the 1950s, African Americans began using _____ to fight segregation. A.literacy tests B.espionage C.Jim Crow laws D.nonviolent protest

Quiz B D 5. To encourage businesses to desegregate, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) members staged _____ at segregated lunch counters. A. boycotts B. sit-ins C. lawsuits D. Freedom Rides 6. In 1961, Texan James L. Farmer Jr. organized _____, in which whites and African Americans traveled to the South in order to draw attention to segregation. A. boycotts B. sit-ins C. occupations D. Freedom Rides

Quiz C A 7. When he became president in 1963, _____ began to focus on ensuring civil rights for African Americans. A. Dwight D. Eisenhower B. John F. Kennedy C. Lyndon B. Johnson D. Harry S Truman 8. _____ became the first African American woman elected to the Texas state Senate and the first African American Texan to be elected to the U.S. Congress. A. Barbara Jordan B. Carole K. McClellan C. Lila Cockrell D. Irma Rangel

Quiz B D 9. _____ was the first Mexican American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas. A. Raymond Telles B. Henry B. González C. Raul A. Gonzalez Jr. D. Hector P. García 10. The first Mexican American elected to the Texas legislature was _____. A. Barbara Jordan B. Lulu Bell White C. Hattie Mae White D. Irma Rangel