© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Chapter 9: Marine Resources: Common Property Dilemmas The Marine Environment Fisheries Minerals from the Seabed Management of Marine Resources

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 The Marine Environment Physical Properties –Salinity –Temperature –Dissolved Oxygen Habitat and Biological Productivity

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Ocean Currents Figure 9.1: Major currents are the gyres of each hemisphere. Minor currents and equatorial countercurrents are also present.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Upwelling Figure 9.2: Wind-driven currents can bring nutrient-laden water toward the surface, supporting productive fisheries.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Fisheries Fisheries Production Fisheries in Distress

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 World Fish Catch Figure 9.3: Since 1960, the marine catch has increased only slightly. The overall catch has increased, however, largely as a result of aquaculture.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Minerals from the Seabed Energy Resources Deep-Seabed Minerals

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Off-Shore Drilling Figure 9.4: Since 1940, oil drilling has moved to progressively deeper waters.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Manganese Figure 9.5: The location of manganese nodules.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Management of Marine Resources The Problem of Ownership The Law of the Sea Treaty Marine Pollution Problems –Oil Spills –Hazardous Materials Spills –Ocean Dumping Protecting Marine Ecosystems Exploitation and Protection of Marine Mammals

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Maritime Boundaries

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Major Oil Spills Figure 9.7: Major oil spills (1962 – 2001) show that most major spills occur near coastlines, where the potential environmental harm is the greatest.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Exxon Valdez Figure 9.8: The recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez (on the left) spill included offloading oil to another vessel, shown here. Valdez is the name both of the ship and of the pristine coastal area where the spill occurred.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Whale Abundance Whale Virgin PopulationCurrent Population Blue 175,000< 5,000 Humpback 115,00020,000 Bowhead 30,000<8,500 Right 100,0001,000 Fin 448,00050,000 Sei 256,00065,000 Sperm 2,400,000Not available Gray 15,00021,000 Minke 140,000904,270 Pilot Not available780,000 Lower end of each estimate shown. See Table 9.5 for details.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Whale Catches Figure 9.10: Whale catches have declined since 1970, remaining flat since the 1986 IWC moratorium.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Issue 9.1: Salmon and the Pacific Northwest 9.2: Strip Mining the Oceans