1. Chapter 17: Marine Resources

2. Laws and regulation Mare Liberum Territorial sea 1958 to 1982 UN Law of the Sea Ratified in 1993 International law

3. Law of the sea Coastal jurisdiction 12 n. miles EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone 200 n. miles Free passage International Seabed Authority Law of the Sea Tribunal

4. EEZ of world

5. EEZ of United States Fig. 17-1

6. Fisheries Fish caught commercially Five ecosystems Non-tropical shelves Tropical shelves Upwelling Coastal and coral systems Open ocean

7. Fish recruitment Fertilization of eggs Survival of fish larvae Survival of juvenile fish Mortality losses huge until fish matures

8. Primary productivity and fisheries Relationship to nitrogen influx Fig. 17-2

9. More nitrogen at upwelling Duration of upwelling Rates of upwelling Moderate Too slow Too fast

10. World catch Fish production Potential world fishery about 100 to 120 million metric tons Overfished areas Intended catch and bycatch

11. Bycatch Caught incidentally Tuna and dolphins Marine Mammals Protection Act Driftnets or gill nets Banned in 1989

12. Fisheries management Difficulties Regulation of fishing vessels Catch limits Many countries Migrating fish Human activities in one area impact another Economic concerns of fishers

13. Mariculture 37% of total world fishery Fish Crustaceans Shrimp and prawn most successful Bivalves Also successful Algae Mainly seaweed

14. Energy from oceans Advantages Nonpolluting Huge Renewable Readily available along coasts

15. Power from Offshore winds Currents Waves Tides Thermal energy (OTEC)

16. Mineral resources Petroleum Offshore about 30% of total world production Likely to increase in future Deeper ocean to be exploited

18. Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Phosphorite Metal sulfides Manganese nodules and crusts Cobalt (strategic)

20. Divergent and convergent plates and metallic sulfides

22. Chemical resources Freshwater from desalination Distillation Solar humidification Electrolysis Reverse osmosis Freeze separation

23. Reverse osmosis Fig. 17-24

24. Evaporative salts Halite, common table salt Gypsum building material Chemical industrial uses

25. Pharmaceutical drugs from the sea Soft-bodied marine organisms chemical “warfare” Antibiotic Anti-inflammatory Anti-viral Anti-tumor Anti-cancer

26. End of Chapter 17: Marine Resources