Nationalism in Africa and Asia Chapter 10 Section 2

Movements Toward Independence in Africa Africans had fought for British and French in WWI Many hoped they would be rewarded w/ independence Treaty of Versailles did not help ind. In Africa Germany’s African colonies taken over by Br. And Fr., and the League of Nations

African Protests  African WWI vets exposed to ideas about freedom  Africans recognized gulf between Africa and west  Kenya 1921, Young Kikuyu Association led by Harry Thuku protested Br. High taxes  When Thuku was arrested, angry Africans protested at his jail  Gov’t authorities fired into the crowd killing 20  Thuku was sent into exile

In Libya, protests emerged against Italians Forces led by Omar Mukhtar used guerilla war against Italians Won several battles Libyans put into concentration camps Mukhtar killed, movement ends Europe began to make reforms, but too late

New Leaders  Calls for Ind., came from new generation of young African leaders  Many had western educations  Influenced by A.A. leaders W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey  Du Bois had led civil rights movement in U.S.  Garvey urged A.A. to return to Africa  Garvey also stressed Pan- Africanism Movement for unity of all Africans  Du Bois organized the 1 st Pan- African Congress in 1919

Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya  Wrote Facing Mount Kenya  About British rule destrying Af. Culture Leopold Senghor  Studied in France  Wrote poetry about African culture  Started indep. Movement in Senegal Nnamdi Azikiwe  Nigeria  Began a newspaper called The West African Pilot  1937, urged non-violence to gain independence African countries will not gain independence until after WWII

The Movement in India Mohandas Ghandi began Indian fight for Ind. B4 WWI Indians referred to him as Mahatma or Great Soul Protest and Reform  Ghandi protested British laws using Civil Disobedience Refusal to obey laws considered unjust  1919, British responded to protest w/ violence, killing hundreds  Ghandi was later arrested and put into prison for several years

1935, Britain passed the Government of India Act  Indian Legislative Congress became a two- house parliament  5 million Indians gained the right to vote

A Push for Independence  Indian National Congress (INC) created in 1885  Had pushed 4 reforms  Ghandi released from prison, continued civil disobedience  Urged Indians not to buy British goods, pay taxes, or attend British schools

New Leaders and New Problems  1930s Jawaharlal Nehru entered the movement  Western-educated, secular leader  Split btwn Nehru and Ghandi  Hostility btwn Hindus and Muslims  Muslims want to create a separate Muslim state of Pakistan

The Rise of Militarist Japan Japan had become an economic and military power Becoming more western Much of Japan controlled by Zaibatsu  Large financial and industrial corporations By 1937, 4 largest Zaibatsu controlled 21% of banks, 26% of mines, 35% of ship-building, and 60% of paper and insurance City workers paid little and poorly housed Inflation and rise in food prices led to riots

Great Depression made things worse Population growing out of control Caused Japan to look for new territory Japan had taken over Korea b4 WWI West was worried about Japanese power

Rise of Militarism  1920s, Japan trying to become democratic  Military leaders didn’t believe in democracy  1931, Japanese military takes over Manchuria w/o gov’t consent  Soon, military leaders such as Hideki Tojo dominated gov’t  Emperor Hirohito supported military  Japan purged itself of western ideas  Begins to build up military

Nationalism and Revolution in Asia Communism begins to spread across Asia China is flooded with communist ideas Ho Chi Minh in Vietnman began to work with USSR