Changing Migration Patterns Lesson Aims: To know how migration patterns into and out of the UK have changed and why we have seen this change.

Traditional migration into the UK Historically migration into the UK has reflected strong ties with Commonwealth* member countries. These countries established strong trading, cultural and demographic links and movements between these countries remain an important part of the UK’s immigration and emigration flows. * Commonwealth was made up of 53 countries including India, Australia, South Africa and Pakistan, with a combined total of over 1.7 billion people.

The European Union After the end of the Second World War the political climate favoured the unification of Europe. The European Coal and Steel Community was set up in an attempt to centrally control the coal and steel industries of its member states. The founding members of the Community were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. In 1957, the European Economic Community (EEC) was established as a customs union and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) was created to promote cooperation in developing nuclear energy. In 1967 the Merger Treaty created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the European Communities, although more commonly just as the European Community (EC)

The European Union Throughout the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s, more countries joined the EC. In 1985 the Schengen Agreement created largely open borders without passport controls between most member states. In 1986 the European flag began to be used by the EC and leaders signed the Single European Act. The fall of the Iron Curtain in 1990, united East and West Germany and allowed further expansion into Eastern Europe. The European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force on 1 November In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary joined the Union. On 1 January 2007, Romania and Bulgaria became the EU's newest members. There are now 27 EU member countries.

EU membership timeline

FranceDenmarkGreecePortugalAustriaCyprusBulgaria West GermanyIrelandSpainFinland Czech Republic Romania Netherlands United Kingdom. SwedenEstonia BelgiumHungary Luxemburg Latvia ItalyLithuania Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia

Impact of the enlargement of the EU on Migration 1.What is the EU15? 2.What is the Accession 10? 3.What is the Accession 8? 4.What is the Accession 2? 5.Give another country that wants to join the EU. 6.How can the economic and employment differences between EU15 and A10 /A8 countries explain the current migration patterns across Europe? Page 96