LoLo 2016: How many ways can you change a light bulb? Exploring methods in energy research Regional differences in thermal comfort in a stratified heated environment Safwan Samsuddin PhD researcher Building Environment Engineering Loughborough University

Research Aim  To understand the differences of acclimatized people from other non-cold regions in a heated indoor environment.

Research’s concept Type of research: Measurement in a residential building Qualitative and Quantitative Why? In order to investigate the PMV accuracy and its suitability in a residential building and control environment with different heating emitters in heating season Why different heating system in a test house? To see the effects of suitable heating strategy effects the temperature gradient and thermal comfort

Adaptation  Is ASHRAE 1936 handbook Chapter 3 claimed on southern people sluggish in adaptability of indoor acclimatization applicable ? It should be kept in mind that southern people, with their more sluggish heat production and lack of adaptability, will demand a comfort zone several degrees higher than those given here for the more active people of northern climates  – ”It should be kept in mind that southern people, with their more sluggish heat production and lack of adaptability, will demand a comfort zone several degrees higher than those given here for the more active people of northern climates” Olesen B.W and Parsons K.C, (2002) Introduction to thermal comfort standards and to the proposed new version of EN ISO Energy and Buildings, 34 6p:

Measurement  Standard to follow  Position of the sensors -seated– ASHRAE 55, 2010 (quantitative study)  Questionnaire based on the 7 sensation scale for every 15 minutes interval for 2 hours (qualitative study)  Room temperature, WHO and CIBSE GUIDE A and ASHRAE 55, 2010

Measuring Equipment  Innova Thermal Comfort Kit  Squirrel data logger, U type thermistors  U type Thermistor temperature sensors  Squirrel data logger  Hobo RH% and Temperature sensors Operative Temperature Air Velocity Relative Humidity Air Temperature Clothing Metabolic Rate Vertical Air Temperature

Measurement: Test details Started in the middle of March 2015 for 7 sessions of 3 to 4 persons with total of 17 participants with 2 subjects attended twice. (total of 19 subjects) Second experiment was done in March 2016 for 3 sessions with 2 to 3 persons in a session (total of 8 subjects) All the sessions were conducted for total of 6 days The session started after 15 minutes arrival at the test house.

Measurement: Participant criteria Wear a t-shirt and trousers/jeans with shoe in order to calculate the clothing value including sofa for Fangers PMV model (approximately 0.8 clo). Clothing Metabolic rate value were based on ASHRAE Sit on the provided chair in the living room Combination of 2, 3 or 4 participants in a session.

Building and heating criteria Low temperature water supply (54°C-60°C) for radiators heating (1 st hour) Standard Radiator size of 1.62 kW with mean water air temperature ∆ 50 º C Building Heat Loss Coefficient of 137 W/K Average Air change rate of 0.87 ach or a q50 ventilation rate of 17.4 m³/hm² (R.Jack et al. 2015) Fan heater for convective purposes (2 nd hour)

The participants (hot climate)  3 Malaysian, 1 Kuwait and 1 Nigerian came from a hot climate country.  Figure 1. World Map at:

The participants (cold climate)  6 British, 5 Greek, 1 Albanian, 5 Italian, 1 German and 2 from Eastern Central China came from a cold climate region. Figure 2. World Map at:

The Data (March 2015/16)  208 votes  25 peoples  27 datasets  2 persons participated twice  Average of 23.8 ° C indoor temperature  Obtained from Loughborough University Metrological Department Weather Station  Average of sessional outdoor temperature : 7.03 ° C  Obtained from Measured air temperature by data loggers  18 hours of survey

Results (linear regression) Mean indoor temperature: 23.4 ° C Neutral Temperature: ° C Date: March 2016 Mean outdoor temperature: 6.85 ° C Mean indoor temperature: 23.8°C Neutral Temperature: 23.13°C Date: March 2015 and 2016 Mean outdoor temperature: 6.82 ° C

Griffiths’ comfort temperature  Cold climate with mean temperature of 31.5 ° C, SD = 7.7 ° C  Hot climate with mean temperature of : 29.1 ° C, SD = 5.96 ° C Tc = T + (4 - C) / a - (1) C = *Top – Hot climate C = *Top – Cold climate 1. Griffiths, I.D., (1990). Thermal comfort in buildings with passive solar features: Field studies. Report to the Commission of the European Communities. EN3S-090 UK: University of Surrey Guildford.

Conclusion  Regression method is more near to the average room operative temperature. Thus, it is more applicable in this study to use regression result as the evidence.  1 ° C can saved about 8% of fuel consumption. (Carbon Trust:Heating Control.,2011)  Thus people from hot climate country may save 8% of heating bills compared those in colder climate country in a UK house.  People are more adapt into temperature when being at home with ° C – ° C Note: More data will be collected for the purpose of this study in the next coming Autumn.

Thank You Any Questions?