Early Civilizations 10 WEEK REVIEW Chapters 1-3

1. Describe what each of these people would study: Anthropologist- Studies culture through people. Archaeologist- Studies culture through artifacts Geographer- Study of people, environment and resources. How humans adapt to their environment Historian- Uses written evidence to study the past.

2. What are primary sources? ► First hand accounts of information. ► Examples: journal or diary entries.

3. Where is the Great Rift Valley? Why is it an important location? ► Located in Africa. ► Believed to be the area where humans first appeared in Africa. ► Lucy discovered there. ► Mary & Louis Leakey- anthropologists.

4. What was the early belief of animism? ► Belief that all objects, people and animals had a spirit. ► Earliest spiritual beliefs, not a formal religion. ► Cave paintings, buried dead with care- first clues.

5. What is monotheism? ► Belief in only one god ► Ex: Judaism

6. What is polytheism? ► Belief in many gods. ► Example: Hinduism

7. What are the features/elements/characteristics of a civilization? 1. Cities 2. Centralized Government 3. Public works 4. System of writing 5. Organized religion 6. Job specialization 7. Art & Architecture 8. Social Classes

8. What was the Neolithic Revolution? ► Change from nomadic lifestyle to agricultural lifestyle. ► People learn to grow crops and domesticate animals.

9. Why was the Neolithic Revolution considered a turning point in history? ► People growing their own foods, no longer have to live a nomadic lifestyle. ► CIVILIZATIONS can get established. ► Food surplus, population increases

10. What is subsistence agriculture? ► Growing just enough food for your own survival (your family), NOT a surplus. ► Does not allow for population growth.

11. What is surplus agriculture? ► Growing more than enough food for your own needs, large amount of extra food. ► Allows the population to grow.

12. Why did civilizations begin in river valleys? ► Fertile soil, transportation, water for irrigation and animals.

13. What river provided transportation and resources for the early people of Africa (Egypt)? ► Nile River

14. Why were the ancient Egyptians successful in agriculture? ► Fertile soil (silt) from the flooding of the Nile River twice every year.

15. What was the main achievement of the Old Kingdom in Egypt? ► Old Kingdom = Pyramid Building

16. What was papyrus and why was it important to Egypt? ► Plant that grew along the Nile River ► Was used to make a type of paper Egyptians used

17. What was the form of writing used by ancient Egyptians? ► Hieroglyphics- form of picture writing

18. What two rivers provided resources for the people of Mesopotamia? ► Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

19. What was the form of writing used by ancient Mesopotamians called? ► Cuneiform- wedge-shaped writing on clay tablets

20. What was Hammurabi’s Code? ► First organized set of laws. ► Meant to unify empire. ► Harsh punishments to promote law and order.

21. How did Hammurabi’s Code create a more orderly society? ► For the first time, laws were the same throughout the entire empire. ► No question as to what the punishments should be.

22. What was the Phoenician civilization know for? ► Carriers of Civilization- trade and travel around the Mediterranean Sea. ► Created alphabet, glass

23. What rivers provided for India’s first civilization? ► Indus River and Ganges River

24. How did seasonal monsoons affect India? ► Helped with agriculture. ► Hurt if caused flooding. ► Timing and amount mattered!

25. What was unique about the Indus valley cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro? Well-planned out: ► cities were formed in grid patterns ► sewage systems

26. What was the caste system in India? ► Social class system- Brahmins- priests Kshatriays- warriors Vaisyas- skilled workers Sudras- unskilled workers ► Can’t change your position in life until after reincarnation

27. What were the major beliefs of Hinduism? ► Dharma ► Karma ► Moksha ► Reincarnation ► Caste System ► Polytheistic

28. What were the major beliefs of Buddhism? ► 4 Noble Truths ► 8 Fold Path ► Meditation ► Peaceful ► Reincarnation- Nirvana ► More of a “non-theistic” religion

29. What is a Golden Age? ► Time of great cultural achievements in an area. ► Peace and prosperity.

30. What were some of the achievements of the Gupta Golden Age in India? Gupta = Golden Age Decimal System Concept of Zero VaccinesSurgery Wrote Books Architectural Achievements

31. Where were the earliest Chinese civilizations located? ► Huang He River (or Yellow River)

32. What geographic barriers led to China being more isolated than other civilizations? Isolated by: ► Mountains ► Ocean ► Jungles ► Desert

33. What is ethnocentrism? ► Belief that your culture is superior to all other culture. ► Ex. Chinese were very isolated, believed for a long time that they were the only people on the earth.

34. What were the major beliefs of Confucius? ► 5 Relationships  Son obeys father  Younger brother obeys older brother  Wife obeys her husband  Subject obeys ruler  Friend to friend ► Filial Piety ► Leaders must be well educated

35. What were the basic beliefs of Taoism/Daoism? ► Best government is no government ► Government is not natural, causes more problems than it helps

36. What were the basic beliefs of Legalism? ► Strict laws and harsh punishments are the only way to govern ► People are naturally evil, need to be governed

37. What was the dynastic cycle in China? ► Rise and fall of dynasties (ruling families) ► Dynasty ages and loses mandate of heaven ► New dynasty takes over

38. How did Shi Huangdi create a strong empire? ► Strict control of his empire ► Burned books ► Buried scholars alive ► Built Great Wall ► Standardized weights and measures, writing

39. Why was the Silk Road important? ► Served as a trade route between China and the West ► Silk becomes a major export in China

40. What were some of the achievements of the Han Golden Age? ► Canals & road improved ► Civil service exams ► Seismograph ► Paper from wood pulp ► Rudder ► Wheelbarrow ► Accupuncture