SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Module 78 - Aggression

Aggression ■Aggression –Any action, verbal or physical, meant to hurt others ■Instrumental Aggression –Aim is not to harm the victim, but to achieve a goal or protect oneself ■Hostile Aggression –Intended to cause damage to a victim ■Professional Boxing vs. Street Fight

Frustration- aggression hypothesis Stress results from being blocked from reaching a goal produces aggression

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Module 79 - Attraction

Attraction Key Factors to the likelihood of Attraction: ■Proximity –Mere exposure effect ■Similarities –Attitudes and physical attractiveness ■Reciprocity –Individuals are more likely to be attracted to someone who is attracted to them ■Physical Attractiveness

Attraction ■Matching Hypothesis –Individuals pair up with those who are similar to themselves in terms of their physical attractiveness ■Halo EffectHalo Effect –Tendency of positive evaluations on one characteristic lead to positive ratings on other characteristics

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love ■3 Main Components of Love –Passion (physical attraction) –Intimacy (closeness) –Commitment ( decisions to remain together) ■3 Types of Love –Companionate love – intimacy and commitment –Passionate love – intimacy and passion –Consummate love – passion, intimacy, and commitment

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Module 80 Friends

Helping Behaviors ■Helping Behaviors –Acted intended to benefit another person –Motivation – egoistic or altruistic ■Altruism –An unselfish interest in helping others

Decisions to take responsibility ■Bystander Effect –People are less likely to provide needed help when there are others present in an emergency situation –videovideo ■Diffusion of Responsibility –Belief of each individual in a crowd that they do not need to help because somebody else will take action

Factors that increase likelihood of Altruistic Behavior ■Social Exchange Theory –One balances the costs and rewards of helping –More likely to assist others if the potential for reward is high and potential costs are low ■Reciprocity norms –People help others because they expect others would help if they needed it or because they have been helped in the past ■Time pressure

Social Dilemmas ■Cooperation vs. Competition ■Conflict ■Social Dilemmas –Situations in which individuals must choose whether to cooperate or compete with others –Prisoner’s DilemmaPrisoner’s Dilemma –DilbertDilbert