1. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Chapter Twelve Helpful Social Behavior

2. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Types of Helping Behavior Prosocial behavior –any action that provides benefit to others casual helping emergency helping substantial personal helping emotional helping

3. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12

4. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Altruism vs. Egoism Why would people help? Egoistic motivation –we help others to feel good ourselves Altruistic motivation –we help others as an end in itself

5. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12

6. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Parameters of Altruism Inclusive fitness –helping as a means of preserving our genetic material Empathy-altruism hypothesis –feelings of empathy lead to altruistic behavior? –feelings of empathy lead to personal distress; we help to feel better?

7. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Factors Influencing Helping Social norms Modeling helpful behavior Blaming the victim Good mood Guilt Individual differences

8. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Norms and Helping Norm of social responsibility –we should help those who are deserving Norm of reciprocity –we should repay a favor with a favor Personal norms –we each have expectations about our behavior in particular situations

9. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Modeling Helpful Behavior Exposure to models of helpful behavior can influence the likelihood of our own helping Modeling has implications for the development of helping during childhood

10. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Blaming the Victim We sometimes conclude that a victim’s unfortunate outcomes are due to that victim’s own behavior Just world theory –humans need to believe that the world is a fair and just place –we therefore sometimes think that bad things happen to bad people, and good things happen to good people

11. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Mood and Helping The warm glow of a good mood can spark us to help others Feelings of guilt can spark us to help others

12. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Individual Differences in Helping Individual differences in empathy predict helping behavior Dimensions of empathy –perspective taking –empathic concern –personal distress –fantasy generation

13. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Concept Review

14. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Volunteerism Volunteering your time is an example of substantial personal helping Motives for volunteerism: –values –community concern –understanding –personal development –esteem enhancement

15. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12

16. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Helping in an Emergency A decision tree of helping –notice the emergency –interpret it as such –assume personal responsibility for acting –choose a strategy –implement that strategy

17. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12

18. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Cultural Differences in Helping Individualism-collectivism may play a role in influencing helping –cultural comparisons to Kenya, Mexico, Japan, India, and the Phillippines have been made

19. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 The Recipient’s Negative Reaction to Help Norm of reciprocity –help recipients may find themselves unable to reciprocate the help they receive Threats to self-esteem Attributions –the attributed cause of the helping may determine one’s reactions Individual differences in gratitude –some people are more grateful than others

20. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Concept Review

21. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 The Nature of Social Dilemmas Short-term, individual gain can lead to long- term, collective loss –Tragedy of the commons is an example grazing, fishing, pollution –Prisoner’s dilemma is an example weighing cooperation versus competition

22. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12

23. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Decision-Making in Social Dilemmas Situational labels for a social dilemma influence our behavior Priming a schema for cooperation or for competition influences our behavior Social norms for cooperation or competition influence our behavior Similar models serve as a guide for behavior Communication can increase cooperation Social value orientation predicts helping

24. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Concept Review

25. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Social Support Perceiving that social support is available can be more beneficial than actual social support receipt –both perceived and actual social support can be measured by questionnaires

26. Social Psychology Alive, Breckler/Olson/Wiggins Chapter 12 Social Support and Health Four ways that social support influences health: –informational support –instrumental support –companionship support –emotional support