China at Its Height Chapter 16.1

Ming Dynasty Defeated the Mongols Founder of new dynasty Ming Hong Wu Under Ming emperors Extend its rule into Mongolia, Central Asia, and Vietnam Strengthen their Great Wall Made peace with nomadic tribes Used a centralized bureaucracy system staffed with officials chosen by the civil service examination Setup a nation wide school system Manufacturing and trade increased Renovated the Grand Canal Fall of the Ming Dynasty Internal struggles Led to government corruption Resulted from people taking a throne who were not capable High taxes occurred due to the corruption Peasants very unhappy Major Epidemic hits Whips out many people Leads to a peasant revolt Began in Central China and spread Low crop yields Peasants revolt took the capital (Beijing) Last Ming emperor took his own life in the palace gardens When the dynasty was done, left and opening for others to rise MORE GOOD OR BAD? Bad leaders

Main Idea: Ming Dynasty China flourished politically and culturally during the reign of the Ming Dynasty

According to this map, what goods are not directly going to Portugal? Zheng He was a Chinese leader of exploration and trading voyages during the Ming Dynasty (1405 – 1433) Help spread Islam to China

Manchus Who are they? A Chinese ethnic minority Come from the Northwest area Presently 4 th largest ethnic group of China What started their rule? Last Ming ruler - committed suicide when the city fell Li Zicheng (rebel leader) Moved against the Ming general Wu Sangui Made an alliance with the Manchus Opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchu army Manchus defeated Li Zicheng, Moved the capital of their new Qing Empire to Beijing Emperor Kangxi Considered best emperor 61 year reign – Became emperor at young age Known for tolerance of religions Manchus very diverse Main religions: Christianity (Jesuits) Buddhism

Qing (Cheeng) Dynasty Qing Dynasty Resistance was common with the Manchu rulers Seized the island of Taiwan To identify rebels Manchu men adopted a Manchu dress and hairstyle Shaved their forehead and braid their hair ; called a queue “Lose your hair or lose your head” Gradually became accepted as rulers Qing Dynasty Accomplishments Pacified the country Corrected serious social and economic ills Restored peace and prosperity Ruled from 1644 till 1911

Qing (Cheeng)Dynasty Qing Adaptations Tried to preserve the distinct identity within the Chinese society Made up only 2 percent of the population Defined as legally distinct from everyone else in China Qing Adaptations Dealt with ethnic differences by bringing in Chinese to the imperial administration (Admitted them into their government) Chinese held 80% of the lower posts This won a lot of support from the Chinese Manchus were ethnically and culturally different

Qing Dynasty European In China Secluded Only allowed to trade from the island Only certain firms in China could trade with Britain Had to have a license form the government Traders could only stay from October to March Britain demand access to other cities Chinese merchants demand more access to Britain Emperor would reject the idea of expanding trade with Britain Emperor Qianlong, “ China had no need of your country’s manufactures.” Trade is limited

Qing Dynasty Seeing how the western ideas were affecting its culture, China closed its doors to Europeans

Tokugawa Japan and Korea Chapter 16 Section 3

Description of Era Known as Edo Period Economic growth, strict social order, isolationist foreign policies, popular enjoyment of arts and culture, and sustainable forest management. Reunified Japan, they also had unprecedented power over the emperor, the court, all daimyo and the religious orders

Trade Benefitted economically, but empires/dynasties fell because of outside influences

Political Changes in Japan Europeans in Japan Europe lands Portuguese traders land on the island, and return frequently At first they were welcomed because of the goods they brought From eye glasses to weapons (tobacco/clocks) Purchased firearms from them – helpful in war and unification Some of the daimyos had been converted to Christians Christianity was prohibited due to Jesuits destroying local shrines Japanese Christians would later be persecuted Europeans in Japan Dutch traders Only European traders allowed on the island Permitted to dock in Nagasaki Harbor Could only stay two to three months of the year Tokugawa shoguns proscribed Christianity

Restrictions of the Shoguns 1616; the restriction of foreign trade to Nagasaki and Hirado, an island northwest of Kyūshū 1622: the execution of 120 missionaries and converts 1624: the expulsion of the Spanish 1629: the execution of thousands of Christians Closed Country Edict of 1635 prohibited any Japanese from traveling outside Japan or, if someone left, from ever returning 1636 the Dutch were restricted to Dejima, a small artificial island—and thus, not true Japanese soil—in Nagasaki's harbor. Slow process of their seclusion

Political Changes in Japan Tokugawa Rule Established control of the feudal system that governed Japan State divided into 250 separate territories called Hans Each was ruled by a daimyo Supported themselves on the taxes collected on their lands This would take money from daimyo, weakening their power….all tax money would go to the shoguns Tokugawa Rule Hostage System Had to have two residences One in their han, and in Edo Shogun’s court is located in Edo More $$ for the Shogun (tax) Showed loyalty to the shogun with the residence Great Peace A time of peace in Japan Brought by the Tokugawa ruler FAIR? Hierarchy System

Main Idea: Political Changes in Japan Japan’s policies removed European Influence and allowed Japan to remain in insolation for centuries Note: 1853 – Matthew Perry goes to the ports of Japan with his warships – tell Japan you to think about opening their ports – one year he will return Chapter 22

Great unifiers of Japan The Tokugawa Era Economic and Social Change Edo was the biggest city Population over a million Paper money was the main currency Merchant class emerged and play significant role in Japan Peasants Very few benefited from cash cropping Meaning: an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit Many became tenants or hired work Majority were taxed heavily Revolts happened due to the high taxes Economic and Social Change Economic Change Trade and industry begins to flourish Started during the Tokugawa Era Flourished in these cities Edo (Tokugawa Ieyasu) Kyoto (Oda Nobunaga) Osaka (Toyotomi Hideyoshi) Class system affected Rulers established strict legal distinctions among four main classes Warriors Peasants Artisans Merchants Intermarriage between the classes was forbidden

The Tokugawa Era Economic and Social Change Class hierarchy: 1. Emperors/imperial court 2. Warriors Shogun Supreme ruler below the emperor Daimyo Received land and rice from shogun in exchange for military service Samurai Received rice from daimyo in exchange for their services Ronin Warrior with no masters and looked for jobs Economic and Social Change Class hierarchy 3. Farmers/Artisans/Merchants Farmers produced the rice Artisans were craftsman like sword makers and carpenters Merchants sold the food, and at the bottom of the social hierarchy b/c they profited from others 4. Eta (anyone below 3) Outcasts of society Emperor and Imperial Court families Warrior Class Farmers – Artisans - Merchants Ronin: warriors who had no master, searched for work Eta - Outcasts Supreme Ruler below emperor Received land and rice to serve in Shogun’s army Received rice to serve the Daimyo

The Tokugawa Era Role of Women Very little rights Parents arranged marriages Wife moved in with husband family If expectation are not met, male would divorce her Valued roles: Child bearers Homemakers Literature and Art Literature booms in cities New urban fiction All writings geared to please the audience Poetry Theatre (Kabuki) Dance theater Action, music, and gestures all now entertain the viewers Forbade women to go onstage Used as censorship Gave way for men to play woman parts Edo (The city) Large growth due to daimyo’s mandatory residence Lavish building built all over

Main Idea: The Tokugawa Era Trade, industry, and arts flourished under the Tokugawa, even while the social system became restrictive