1. Chapter 9
The East Asian World

2. Section 1 – China at Its Height
QOD – What was remarkable about the naval voyages under Emperor Yong Le?
Objective – Describe the Ming and Qing dynasties and the “closed country” policy of China.

3. The Ming Dynasty
The Ming dynasty began with the overthrow of the Mongols in China
Ming rulers ran an effective government, using centralized bureaucracy staffed by officials that had taken the civil service exam
Ming emperors set up a nationwide school
They completed the Grand Canal for trade
The Ming dynasty began a time of greatness in China

4. The Ming Dynasty
Emperor Yong Le began construction of the Imperial City.
The Imperial City was the home of China’s emperors for nearly 500 years

5. The Ming Dynasty
Zheng He was a court official who led the naval voyages of exploration during the Ming dynasty
China made 7 voyages of exploration
The voyages produced great profits
After Yong Le’s death the voyages stopped

6. The Ming Dynasty 1514-Portuguese fleet arrived to China
The emperor viewed the Europeans as barbarians
Educated Jesuit missionaries made the trip to China and impressed Chinese officials with clocks and eye glasses
Jesuits were impressed with the architecture and books
Jesuits learned the teachings of Confucius while teaching Christianity to the Chinese

7. The Ming Dynasty
The Ming declined due to weak rulers, govt. corruption, high taxes, low crop yields, and epidemics
Li Zicheng led the peasant revolt that overthrew the Ming dynasty
The overthrow of the Ming allowed Manchus to seize power and establish the Qing dynasty

8. The Ming Dynasty
The Manchus were a farming and hunting people and they created the Qing dynasty which remained in power until 1911

9. The Qing Dynasty Chinese resisted the new Manchu rulers
To more easily identify the rebels, the govt. ordered all Chinese men to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyle.
They were to shave their foreheads and braid their hair into a pigtail called a queue

10. The Qing Dynasty
The Manchus were gradually accepted and the Qing dynasty flourished
A series of strong emperors corrected social and economic ills and restored peace & prosperity

11. The Qing Dynasty
The Qing maintained the Ming political system. The Manchus dealt in 2 ways with the fact that they were ethically & culturally different from their subjects
1. Preserved their identities by having a different legal status, maintaining large landholdings, and forming separate Manchu Military units called Banners
2. Brought the Chinese into top ranks-showing willingness to share power

12. The Qing Dynasty
Banners- separate Manchu military units, which became the chief Qing fighting force

13. The Qing Dynasty
Kangxi was perhaps China’s greatest emperor. He took control while still a teenager and ruled for 61 years
Highly disciplined and diligent
Supported the arts and letters
Tolerant of Christians

14. The Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty showed the first signs of internal decay during the reign of Qianlong
Qianlong rejected Britain’s request for more liberal trade policies

15. Section 2 – Chinese Society and Culture
QOD – Why did the population increase between 1500 and 1800?
Objective – Describe the population growth, family structure, daily life, and cultural elements of China.

16. Economic Changes-Commercial Capitalism
Despite the growth in trade and manufacturing, China did not develop the kind of commercial capitalism that was emerging in Europe.
Differences between China and Europe explain this fact

17. Economic Changes-Commercial Capitalism
First, middle-class merchants and manufacturers in China were not independent as those in Europe
Trade and manufacturing remained under the firm control of the govt.
Many Chinese looked down on trade and manufacturing as being inferior to farming

18. Daily Life
Confucian emphasis remained strong and provided stability to the Chinese society
Family were expected to put each other’s needs before their own
Ideal family was the extended family
Clan- beyond the extended family; consisted of dozens, or even hundreds of related families

19. Daily Life
Women were to be subordinate to the husband-he could divorce if she did not produce sons
Footbinding- considered a status symbol for Chinese women
Made marrying easier
Process was painful and could barely walk

20. Cultural Developments
During Ming dynasty, a new literacy developed
The Golden Locus- a Chinese novel, considered to be the first realistic social novel
The Dream of the Red Chamber- considered even today to be China’s most distinguished popular novel
Cao Xuegin- the author of the novel, The Dream of the Red Chamber

21. Cultural Development
The most famous of all the arts of the Ming era was blue-and-white porcelain, which Europeans collected in great quantities

22. Section 3 – Tokugawa Japan and Korea
QOD – What economic changes took place under the Tokugawa shoguns?
Objective – Describe the unification of Japan and economic and cultural changes up to 1750.

23. The Three Great Unifiers
Japan was in chaos at the end of the 15th cen.
Daimyo- heads of the noble Japanese families, controlled their own lands and fought each other
Oda Nobunaga- began the restoration of a central Japanese authority
Tokugawa Ieyasu- succeeded Oda; he continued the unity & brought a long period of peace-”Great Peace”

24. Tokugawa Rule
Tokugawa completed the restoration of central authority in Japan in the early 1600s

25. Tokugawa Rule State was divided into 250 territories called hans
A daimyo ruled each
The shogunate controlled the daimyo by a hostage system
Hostage System
The daimyo had to maintain 2 residences one in their own lands and one in Edo, where the shogun lived

26. Economic and Social Changes
A major economic change occurred under the Tokuagawa
Trade and manufacturing flourished esp in Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka
Confucian view was breaking down
A merchant class emerged and banking and a paper money system developed
Edo was one of the world’s largest cities

27. Economic and Social Changes
Some peasant families benefited by exploiting the growing need for cash crops
Most experienced declining profits and rising costs
The class system became rigid-rulers established strict distinctions among the 4 main classes-warriors, peasants, artisans, and merchants

28. Economic and Social Changes
The emperor and court were at the top
Next were the Warrior class-shogun, daimyo, samurai, and ronin
Ronin-warriors without masters who traveled around in search of work

29. Economic and Social Changes
Next were Farmers- often poor
The Artisans- such as carpenters and swordmakers
Merchants- the lowest class because they profited from the labor of others
Eta- the very bottom, Japan’s outcasts. Their residence, hairstyle, and dress were regulated

30. Tokugawa Culture Ihara Saikaku- author of Five Women Who Loved Love
Matsuo Basho- greatest of all Japanese poets
New world of urban entertainment gave rise to Kabuki theater
Form of entertainment that emphasized action, music, and dramatic gestures

31. Tokugawa Culture
Fearing Kabuki could corrupt the nation’s morals, Japanese govt. officials forbade women from appearing on stage, creating a new professional class of male actors
Japanese pottery borrowed designs and techniques from Korea

32. Korea: The Hermit Kingdom
The Yi dynasty is the Korean dynasty that remained in power during the entire Tokugawa Era in Japan
Because its rulers tried to keep it isolated from the rest of the world, Korea earned the name, “The Hermit Kingdom”

33. Korea: The Hermit Kingdom
Toyoyomi Hideyoshi- in 1590 had persuaded most of the daimyo to accept his authority
He was not successful, but Korea was devastated
1630-Manchu forced the Yi to become subject to China