End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 16. Do energy and matter move through the biosphere differently? Yes, unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. 17. What are biogeochemical cycles? Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another. Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it. Recycling in the Biosphere 3–3 Cycles of Matter

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 2 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18. What are characteristics of the water cycle? all living things require water to survive. water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. water molecules enter the atmosphere as water vapor, a gas, when they evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water. water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants. water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds. water returns to Earth’s surface by falling in the form of rain, snow or hail. water enters streams or seeps into soil where it enters plants through their roots. The Water Cycle

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 3 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 19. Water cycle vocabulary: evaporation – process where liquid water is changed into water vapor (gas) condensation – process where water vapor is changed into liquid water. precipitation – when liquid (rain) or solid (snow/hail) water falls out of the sky. transpiration – when water enters the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants. The Water Cycle

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 4 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle

End Show Slide 5 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Unlike energy, matter is _______ within and between ecosystems. What are three characteristics of the water cycle? Match the following: 1.Evaporationa. when water falls out of sky 2.Condensationb. liquid water  water vapor 3.Precipitationc. water enters atmosphere from plant leaves 4.Transpiration d. water vapor  liquid water

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 6 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 20. What are characteristics of nutrient cycles? all the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients. every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. primary producers, such as plants, usually obtain nutrients in simple inorganic forms from their environment. consumers obtain nutrients by eating other organisms. 21. What are the important nutrient cycles? The carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle. Nutrient Cycles

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 7 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles 22. What are characteristics of the carbon cycle? carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue. biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and O2. geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release CO2 to the atmosphere and oceans. carbon is stored underground as remains of dead organisms are converted with pressure into coal and oil (fossil fuels). human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release CO2 into the atmosphere.

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 8 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis feeding Respiration Deposition Carbonate Rocks Deposition Decomposition Fossil fuel Volcanic activity Uplift Erosion Respiration Human activity CO 2 in Ocean Photosynthesis

End Show Slide 9 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The carbon cycle and nitrogen cycles are important ______ cycles. List 2 characteristics of nutrient cycles? List 3 characteristics of the carbon cycle.

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 10 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles 23. What are characteristics of the nitrogen cycle? all organisms require nitrogen to make proteins. nitrogen gas is the most abundant form on Earth, but only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly. such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation. other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites. Once they are available, producers can use them to make proteins. Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins.

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 11 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 24. more nitrogen cycle characteristics: when organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia, which may be taken up again by producers. other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification, releasing nitrogen into the atmosphere again. Nutrient Cycles

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 12 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Bacterial nitrogen fixation N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition excretion Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition Decomposition excretion NO 3 and NO 2

End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 13 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Limitation 25. What are characteristics of nutrient limitation? primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers. a factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients. If a nutrient is in short supply, it limits an organism's growth. when an ecosystem is limited by one nutrient that is scarce, the substance is called a limiting nutrient. when an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, often an immediate increase in the amount of algae results. This is called an algal bloom, which can disrupt the equilibrium of an ecosystem.

End Show Slide 14 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall List 3 characteristics of the nitrogen cycle. List 2 characteristics of nutrient limitation.

End Show Slide 15 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Transpiration is part of the a.water cycle. b.carbon cycle. c.nitrogen cycle. d.phosphorus cycle.

End Show Slide 16 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of a.carbohydrates. b.carbon dioxide. c.calcium carbonate. d.ammonia.

End Show Slide 17 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances a.start as simple organic forms that plants need. b.provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need. c.are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms. d.are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.

End Show Slide 18 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing a.plants. b.bacteria. c.detritivores. d.animals.

End Show Slide 19 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is a.runoff. b.algal death. c.algal bloom. d.less primary productivity.