Bring your cheat sheet Exam #1 F 2/12 Q&A Th 2/11 from 5-7pm in PAI million-year- old human ancestor

Correlation of malaria and sickle-cell anemia Fig 23.17

Individuals are selected… But species evolve via changes in DNA during reproduction.

Who evolves?…Species. A population that can produce fertile offspring A population that does reproduce **A population sharing genetic information** A. harrisi A. leucurus Fig 24.6

Horse Mule Donkey X =

Horse Mule (sterile) Donkey X = So…horses and donkeys are not the same species.

Who evolves?…Species. A population that can produce fertile offspring A population that does reproduce **A population sharing genetic information** A. harrisi A. leucurus Fig 24.6

Fig 25.7 Where do we come from?

DNA is passed from generation to generation, and therefore can tell us about relationships between species. Fig 34.37

How are we related to our ancestors, and where did we come from? Fig 34.40

Hunter- Gatherer Agricultural Industrial

The earth is covered in humans. How did this occur?

Human DNA is divided into 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

X 23 in humans X 23 in humans X 23 in humans Each of us are a combination of DNA from mom and dad.

Mitochondria an Animal Cell

mitochondria Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring. Fig 47.3

Mom provides % and Dad provides % of DNA to offspring. … because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

mitochondria Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only through mother Fig 47.3

Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

Tsar’s Family During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and executed.

Tsar’s Family There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter Anastasia

Anna Anderson, claimed she was Anastasia

Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match.

For more info check out: Or the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes

When did these migrations take place?

Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

Fig 1 Only DNA that is successfully passed on can be used to trace the past.

Fig 1 and 4 As DNA is passed on mutations take place

Fig 4

By determining the average time between mutations, we can estimate the time of the last common ancestor.

Fig 4 The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years. OR A difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago.

Multiregional hypothesis “Out of Africa” hypothesis Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1 Relationships of different populations using mtDNA ~150,000ya

Multiregional hypothesis “Out of Africa” hypothesis Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens X

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