College of Science and Humanity Studies, Al-Kharj

Level8 (2nd Semester)

Course Title :Syntax& Morphology

Prepared by Teacher: Bahia Khalifa Ibrahim

Objectives: Symbols Used in Syntactic Description:

1- → Consist of NP → Art N ( Noun phrase consists of an article and a noun)

2- Parentheses ( ) to mean Optional constituent. NP → Art ( Adj) N Noun Phrase which consists of article and( an adjective) optional and a noun. The book or the brown book.

NP consists of an obligatory article and an obligatory noun but an optional adjective.

3- Braces or curly brackets { } This means that only one of the elements enclosed within the brackets must be selected. They are used when there is a choice from two or more constituents.

Example: NP → Art N: the boy NP → Pro: He NP → Proper Noun: Mohammed

NP → { Art N Pro Proper Noun }

Symbols of Syntactic Description S→ Sentence N → Noun V → Verb NP → Noun Phrase VP → Verb Phrase

Art → Article Prep → Preposition Pro → Pronoun Adv → Adverb Adj → Adjective PN → Proper Noun

٭ → ungrammatical sequence → consist of ( ) an Optional constituent. { } one and only one of the elements must be selected.

Labeled Tree Diagram One way of describing the structure of sentences but in a more explicit hierarchical organization. NP / \ Art N | | The Lion

S / \ NP VP / \ / \ Art N V NP | | | / \ Art N The Lion ate | | The Monkey

A tree diagram can be treated into two different ways : 1- It is a static representation of the structure of every single English sentence. 2- As a dynamic format which represents endless sentence with similar structures.(only well grammatical sentences) This can be done with only small number of rules.

Phrase Structure Rules They are rules which present the information of the tree diagram in an alternative format. S / \ NP VP Can be represented as: S → NP VP

Lexical Rules: N → ( boy, dog, man, Maha ) S → NP VP Advp VP → aux v NP → { Art N Pro P N } S → Art ( Adj) N VP PreP AdvP

S→ NP VP NP → { Art N Pro P N } → Noun VP → V NP( pp ) ( Adv) PN → { Mayar, Nourah } Adj→ { small, beautiful } Art→ { a, the an }

1- The girl followed her mother. 2- Small horse with girl. 3- The small boy saw George with a crazy horse recently. 4- Helped a girl. 5- Suhair helped Nuha recently.

Phrase structure rules is criticized for generating all sentences with fairly fixed word order to the constituents. E.g: adv comes at the end of a sentence A- Bushra helped Sarah yesterday. But not B- Yesterday Bushra helped Sarah.

Transformational Rules To do this movement new rules are needed. These are The Transformational Rules: A set of rules which change or move constituents in the structures that derive from the phrase structure rules.

S S / \ / \ NP VP NP VP / \ \ / \ V NP Adv → V NP

It shows which constituents can be moved, from where and to where. It also enables the movement of a very small element in English sentence structure. Haya picked up the magazine. Haya picked the magazine up.

A particle can be separated from the verb. Constituent structure analysis Phrase structure analysis would have to create two different tree diagram.

NP V Particle NP NP V NP Particle ( Particle movement) ( surface variations of a single underlying structure)

Exercise In what ways are these expressions structurally ambiguous? An American history teacher.. The parents of the bride and the groom were waiting.

Can you provide four ‘superficially distinct’ sentences which each have the same ‘underlying ‘ structure as one of the following sentences? Lara was arrested by the police. She took her coat of. Someone stole my bicycle. I told him to turn down the volume.

Which of the following expressions would be generated by this phrase structure rule: NP → Art( Adv) N? 1-A radio 2- the rusty car 3- A new student 4- The screwdriver

Passive Transformation rule: Structural Description: NP1 V NP2 Structural Change: →NP2 be V-ed by NP1

Identify those sentences for which the rule works, then try to describe what prevents the rule from working on the other sentences The cats chased the mouse. Ali borrowed some money from Khalid. The team played badly. The tree fell with a crash. The bank manager laughed. He loves them

How can grammar help us to see that these sentences are related? 1- My brother will bring a gift to my mother. 2- A gift will be brought to my mother by my brother.

What are the properties of the grammar of the human languages based on the theory of Generative Grammar?

Paraphrase the rules below, then generate out if them 3 grammatical sentences. S NP NP {Art,(adj), N} PN VP V(NP) (PP) Adv) PP Prep NP N {John, Tree, Mary…}

PN {Him, It, Her…} V {Meet, climb, grow} Art {The, a, an…} Prep {on, at, behind, in, by…} Adj {Tall, green happy…} Adv {Skilfully, yesterday, gracefully…}

Determine the function of the underlined parts of the 3 sentences below. 1- My friend drove quickly to Abha to visit some relatives. 2- The wild scenes are amazing. 3- To explain clearly the matter, is my intention.

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The program produces two bracketed structures, which we can depict as trees, as shown in (3b):(3b) (3)a. b. Notice that there's no ambiguity concerning the meaning of any of the words; e.g. the word shot doesn't refer to the act of using a gun in the first sentence, and using a camera in the second sentence.

I (shot) ((an elephant) (in)( my pajamas)). I (shot an elephant) (in)( my pajamas).