DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH REVISION

DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Should be aware of social/ economic and composite indicators. Often need to talk about limitations/ how reliable indicators are. Eg Q8 Practice paper B a) The HDI is a composite indicator. Referring to HDI or any other composite indicator you have studied explain why it is a useful indicator of level of development 4 marks

DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Some of the main points include 1.Resources – places like Saudi Arabia/ Kuwait have oil- trade/money to improve country/ money may not be spent on people but small percentage 2.Physical – climate, relief, natural disaster's. Drought and famine, too steep to build industries or communication, can’t attract foreign investment, money spent on disaster relief instead of development Eg Q8 Practice paper B 3.Industry- NICs like South Korea-offers labour to foreign investors-money to invest in education, health care, infrastructure or subsistence agriculture or landlocked makes trade links harder..

ACCOUNT for differences in levels of development between developing countries. You should refer to named examples in your answer 4. health- economy suffer, cycle of poverty 5. Politics- money spent on military, civil wars- disruption may discourage trade/investment

5. KEY REVISION POINTS Anopheles Mosquito; Plasmodium (e.g. Plasmodium Falciparum); Humid climate; 16-40ºC, abundant rainfall; Vegetation for shade; Areas of still or stagnant water; Humans to act as blood reservoir. Anopheles Mosquito; Plasmodium (e.g. Plasmodium Falciparum); Humid climate; 16-40ºC, abundant rainfall; Vegetation for shade; Areas of still or stagnant water; Humans to act as blood reservoir. (i) – THE PROBLEM

5. KEY REVISION POINTS 1-3 million deaths each year, mostly children; Lost education through bouts of illness; Lost productivity by adults, especially at planting and harvest time – less food, lower income; Huge amount spent on trying to prevent or control malaria - $2 Billion in Africa each year, maybe $100 Billion damage to Africa’s GDP; up to 25% of family income; huge burden on health services; Negative impact on foreign investment and tourism. 1-3 million deaths each year, mostly children; Lost education through bouts of illness; Lost productivity by adults, especially at planting and harvest time – less food, lower income; Huge amount spent on trying to prevent or control malaria - $2 Billion in Africa each year, maybe $100 Billion damage to Africa’s GDP; up to 25% of family income; huge burden on health services; Negative impact on foreign investment and tourism. (ii) THE EFFECTS

5. KEY REVISION POINTS DDT, Malathion; Genetic engineering – sterile male mosquitoes; ITNs – Insecticide Treated Bed nets; Draining and flushing breeding sites; Larvicide sprays to kill larvae; Oil, egg whites and mustard seeds; Bti, Fish (Muddy Loach), Eucalyptus trees; Quinine, Chloroquine, Artemisia; No effective vaccines yet - several on trial; World Health Organisation campaign – Roll Back Malaria. DDT, Malathion; Genetic engineering – sterile male mosquitoes; ITNs – Insecticide Treated Bed nets; Draining and flushing breeding sites; Larvicide sprays to kill larvae; Oil, egg whites and mustard seeds; Bti, Fish (Muddy Loach), Eucalyptus trees; Quinine, Chloroquine, Artemisia; No effective vaccines yet - several on trial; World Health Organisation campaign – Roll Back Malaria. (iii) – THE SOLUTIONS

Exam Advice Practice this topic using past papers – the questions don’t vary that much from year to year. PAPER 2 OLD HIGHER Concentrate more on the Risk Factors, Costs and the Solutions, less on the cycle of infection and medical symptoms of the disease. You must be able to comment on the effectiveness of your chosen solutions, but don’t just say “very effective” for them all and hope to get marks – the markers will be looking for detailed knowledge of the effectiveness of each solution you quote. Try to learn a few (four or five) solutions in detail and be able to quote names of pesticides, drugs, etc. Practice this topic using past papers – the questions don’t vary that much from year to year. PAPER 2 OLD HIGHER Concentrate more on the Risk Factors, Costs and the Solutions, less on the cycle of infection and medical symptoms of the disease. You must be able to comment on the effectiveness of your chosen solutions, but don’t just say “very effective” for them all and hope to get marks – the markers will be looking for detailed knowledge of the effectiveness of each solution you quote. Try to learn a few (four or five) solutions in detail and be able to quote names of pesticides, drugs, etc.

Exam Question Q1) Malaria or cholera are common diseases in developing countries. Choose one of the diseases and answer the following questions. i) Describe how the disease is spread. ii) Describe the methods used to control the disease. P81. Pick 4. Make reference to international organisations and aid agencies

Model Answer i) The female mosquito transmits malaria. The mosquito feeds on human blood and while doing this it transmits the malaria disease to the human host by the parasite, Plasmodium, which is present in the infected mosquito’s saliva. The mosquito’s saliva prevents the blood from clotting so as it can enjoy a blood meal. The mosquito only breeds in hot climates where there is stagnant water, sheltered vegetation and a source of blood to feed on, human or animal. As such malaria is widespread in Africa, Asia and South America.

ii) There are several ways of controlling the disease. Insecticides can be used to kill the mosquitoes, stagnant water can be drained and protective clothing and mosquito nets can be used to prevent mosquito bites. Drugs can be used on people infected by malaria to combat its effects. An example of an anti-malaria project would be in Zambia where the W.H.O./UNICEF’s Rollback Malaria project has provided insecticide-treated mosquito nets to help cut down the number of malaria-related deaths.

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE You must be able to talk about EFFECTIVENESS 1.Barefoot doctors- travel, pressure off hospitals, training costs low, advice prevents diseases etc, trusted, if complicated refer to hospitals, 2.ORT- easy cheap and effective remedy for diarrhoea 3.Vaccinations- prevention better 4.Talks on health education-illiterate so songs more suitable