1. ST. ANDREW’S HIGH SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH HIGHER GEOGRAPHY

2. IN THIS UNIT, WE WILL COVER: What is a development indicator What is the validity of development indicators Why there are differences in development between developed and developing countries Why there are differences in development within countries The cause, impact and management of Malaria, a water borne disease Primary Health Care and it’s strategies

3. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY DEVELOPMENT? A general definition is ‘ a process of change over a period of time’ Traditional views of development were that development was synonymous with economic growth, ie, countries advanced by becoming richer. This view was the product of Western attitudes to growth, therefore the emphasis for development was on rapid economic growth in poorer nations so that the development gap between

4. DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN COUNTRIES

5. 1. RESOURCES EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – SAUDI ARABIA & KUWAIT Saudi Arabia is still considered a developing country but it has access to raw materials such as OIL which is in demand globally. This in turn allows them to trade with other countries and brings in money which can be spent on improving the country. However, money is not always spent on the people and is controlled by a small percentage of the population who enjoy a high standard of living while majority of people remain poor.

6. 2. INDUSTRY EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – SOUTH KOREA / MALAWI South Korea is a Newly Industrialised Country (NIC) and has developed, as it offers educated, resourceful and cheap labour to foreign countries to invest there. This brings money into the country which in turn is invested back into education, health care and developing infrastructure of the country. Countries such as MALAWI have a high % of people employed in subsistence agriculture and this does NOT bring money into the country. Malawi is a landlocked country which makes it harder to develop good trade links

7. 3. CLIMATE EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – THE SAHEL REGION OF AFRICA E.g. CHAD / ETHIOPIA - THINK RURAL UNIT HERE The Sahel struggles to develop as it is based on a nomadic farming culture with land degradation. Areas such as Chad experiences droughts and is therefore faced with famine as an associated problem. Development is hindered here in the Sahel due to this factor and also due to lack of money in the region.

8. 4. HEALTH EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – KENYA / GHANA If a country or region has an endemic disease such as Malaria, people will be too ill to work. Due to this health matter the economy will then suffer as the country will struggle to develop. Countries such as Kenya and Ghana will be caught in the vicious poverty cycle. IMAGE ON NEXT SLIDE

9. POVERTY CYCLE

10. 5. POLITICS / WAR AND CONFLICT EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – AFGHANISTAN / ZIMBABWE / SOMALIA The Afghan government spends a large majority of the country’s money on military equipment, which means that there is less money available for the development of housing, industry, health care and education. Civil wars and political instability can also lead to disruption and other countries will not invest or trade with countries such as Somalia and Zimbabwe.

11. 6. ECONOMY / DEBT EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – ETHIOPIA, CHAD, MALI Some countries suffer from drought making it difficult to grow crops which in turn will result in low food amounts to feed the population. The country is then forced into debt as the government will have to borrow money to help the people instead of investing money into projects within the education and health care sector.

12. 7. RELIEF EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – NEPAL Countries with difficult relief, like Nepal, find it difficult to develop. This is because it is difficult to build communication links or industries. Countries like this are often unlikely to attract foreign investment

13. 8. NATURAL DISASTERS EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – BANGLADESH Countries who suffer from NDs struggle to develop. This is usually because the government spends so much money on disaster relief that it has no money left for development. Bangladesh suffers from monsoon rains and flooding. It also struggles to develop its tourism as people are not attracted by this type of climate.

14. 9. POPULATION EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – UGANDA A high population growth will limit development of a country as resources will increasingly have to be spread out more thinly (e.g food, space, jobs). There will not be enough jobs, houses, schools, health clinics etc and as a result development will be hindered

15. 10. TOURISM EXAMPLE COUNTRY/AREA – THAILAND / SRI LANKA Countries such as THAILAND can actively encourage tourism which can bring in foreign currency and provide job opportunities. This money can then be used to develop the country in other aspects such as health care and education. The tourism industry in THAILAND provides a high % of jobs to the Thai people.

16. TASK CREATE MIND MAP OF THE 11 DIFFERENCES IN LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN COUNTRIES

17. EXAM QUESTION 2015 EXAM QUESTION6 MARKS SUGGEST REASONS FOR THE WIDE VARIATIONS IN DEVELOPMENT WHICH EXIST BETWEEN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. YOU MAY WISH TO REFER TO COUNTRIES THAT YOU HAVE STUDIED.

18. 2015 MARKING SCHEME Some countries have natural resources such as oil, which can be sold to generate foreign currency (1 mark). Some countries e.g. Chad are landlocked, are find it more expensive to export and import goods. (1 mark). Countries with a poor education system have many low skilled workers and are unable to attract foreign investment (1 mark). Countries with fertile soils and a suitable climate can grow cash crops which can be sold for income (1 mark). Corruption in government such as in Nigeria can lead to money being used inappropriately (1 mark). Where countries suffer from conflict or civil war they are unable to keep the economy working and spend extra finance on weapons (1 mark). Countries which have accumulated large debts have to repay loans and interest causing less money for services (1 mark). Famine can lead to malnutrition, and a reduced capacity to work and create income (1 mark).

19. MALARIA

21. HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF MALARIA STICK NOTES INTO JOTTER

22. MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE AND EFFECTIVENESS STICK NOTES INTO JOTTER

23. EXAM QUESTION MALARIA QUESTION10 MARKS FOR MALARIA OR ANY OTHER WATER-RELATED DISEASE THAT YOU HAVE STUDIED: (a)EXPLAIN THE METHODS USED TO TRY AND CONTROL THE SPREAD OF THE DISEASE; AND (B) EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE METHODS.

24. BENEFITS OF CONTROLLING MALARIA

25. Saving money on health, medicine, doctors, drugs etc. Healthier workforce, increasing productivity. Reduction of national debt. Longer life expectancy. Decreased infant mortality rate. Scarce financial resources could be spent on other areas such as education or housing. Families could send children to school to get a good education and get a more skilled job which could lead to development. More tourists may be attracted if there was less risk of contracting malaria. This could lead to more job opportunities, foreign currency earnings and increased prosperity. Multinational companies may also be encouraged to create bases if there was a less threat of catching malaria. This in turn would create jobs, generate money for the country and help improve the standard of living.

26. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

28. EXAM QUESTION EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME SPECIFIC PRIMARY HEALTH CARE STRATEGIES EMPLOYED IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES YOU HAVE STUDIED. SPECIMEN PAPER6 MARKS MARKING SCHEME ON NEXT SLIDE

29. Barefoot doctors have been particularly effective in China because: individuals were chosen by each village to be trained to a basic level of health care and so were fully trusted by the community. (1 mark) in countries with large rural areas it is very difficult to ensure that every village access a fully trained doctor/hospital(1 mark) The use of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) has been particularly effective because: it is an easy, cheap and effective method of treating dehydration through diarrhoea — allowing even the poorest developing country to tackle this health problem. (1 mark) the World Health Organization estimates that ORT saves about 1 million babies each year in developing countries. (1 mark)

30. Organised Health Education Programmes have been effective because: they educate people about how to prevent diseases spreading (for example by the use of mosquito nets to prevent Malaria). (1 mark) preventing disease is easier and more cost-effective than trying to cure someone once they have a disease. (1 mark) the use of village meetings, songs, plays and posters to pass on health education messages are particularly effective in places with an illiterate population where a written leaflet would be of limited use. (1 mark)

31. Small-scale health projects (such as building clean water supplies and pit latrines) can be effective because using local labour and building materials for these projects reduces the cost. (1 mark) they also provide the locals with training and transferable skills, which can help them to improve their standard of living in other ways.(1 mark)using local labour also ensures that the projects gain faster acceptance and usage in the local and wider community. (1 mark)

32.  Organised Vaccination Programmes to immunise against preventable diseases like polio, cholera, measles, tetanus etc are estimated by the World Health Organization to save between 2 and 3 million lives every year. (1 mark) These preventative measures are less costly to fund than the long-term cost of caring for people suffering from these diseases.

33. PROBLEMS WITH PRIMARY HEALTH CARE Despite the success of BAREFOOT DOCTORS, there are not enough of them to care for the high populations in areas affected by diseases such as MALARIA. Some BAREFOOT DOCTORS lack the medical skills required, which in turn can lead to inappropriate prescribing of drugs and incomplete surgery. Also, the system often breaks down when FUNDING is not available for further training, or is withdrawn or reduced. NOTE: This is a key part of the question as you may be asked to evaluate the effectiveness of PHC

34. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE REVISION POINTS Introduced as a measure to improve health of population. BAREFOOT DOCTORS = ORT = VACCINATION PROGRAMMES = TALKS ON HEALTH EDUCATION = IMPROVED SEWAGE/DISPOSAL = CLEAN WATER SUPPLIES = SMALL LOCAL HEALTH CENTRES =

35. REVISION NOTES DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH

36. KEY REVISION POINTS Anopheles Mosquito; Plasmodium (e.g. Plasmodium Falciparum); Humid climate; 16-40ºC, abundant rainfall; Vegetation for shade; Areas of still or stagnant water; Humans to act as blood reservoir. (i) – THE PROBLEM