Youth Employment The youth employment policy development process Turin, 25 February 2015 Trade Union policies for decent work generation for young workers

Youth Employment Programme This presentation The policy development process; Analysis and problem identification; Generating solutions; Policy formulation. This presentation

Youth Employment Programme The policy cycle

Youth Employment Programme Step 1: Situation analysis The situation analysis serves to understand the nature and extent of youth development issues at country level. It comprises: The analysis of trends and issues concerning youth development (statistical data); The review of past and ongoing policies and programmes targeting youth; and The mapping of the institutional framework that govern the various youth development policy areas.

Youth Employment Programme Step1: Labour market analysis Overview of the economic and social context Main macroeconomic indicators and poverty levels; Analysis of key policy areas relevant to youth employment. Main indicators of the youth labour market including demographic and education trends. Analysis of the youth labour market

Youth Employment Programme Step1: Review of policies and institutions The review of policies starts from the analysis of national development policies (poverty reduction, economic development, employment policy) to appraise whether youth is stated as a priority; The analysis then moves to the policies that have an impact on youth employment, with equal attention paid to policies affecting labour demand and supply, as well as labour market policies and institutions.

Youth Employment Programme Step 1: Mapping the institutional framework Is there a lead ministry and/or national agency responsible for youth development? What other ministries and/or central government agencies are dealing with youth development issues? What is the coordination mechanism across these central institutions? What are the coordination mechanisms between central and local institutions? How are policies and programmes on youth development implemented at the local level? What is the role played by civil society organizations in youth development initiatives? How are young people involved?

Youth Employment Programme Step 2: Problem identification The main steps to identify the problems to be addressed by the policy are: 1.Listing of all problems identified in the analysis; 2.Definition of a hierarchy of problems 3.Selection of problems to be addressed 4.Analysis of cause-effect relationship of the problems selected.

Youth Employment Programme Step 2: Problem and objective tree

Youth Employment Programme Step 3. Generating solutions (policy options) Identify and appraise the most effective policy mix to tackle the problem(e.g. macroeconomic, sectoral and social policies; education and health policies; employment policies, and so on); Build alternative “scenarios” that anticipate the effects of a policy option and compare them with others; Select policy intervention by using a set of pre- determined criteria (e.g. desirability, affordability, feasibility) and on the basis of the available policy space.

Youth Employment Programme Step 3. Which policy options? The Call for Action (2012) provides a list of policy options that may be considered under five core policy areas (economic policies; education, training and skills; labour market policies; entrepreneurship; and rights); Economic policies : strong and sustainable economic growth; full employment; stronger aggregate demand and productive investment; long-term financial sustainability; counter-cyclical policies and demand-side interventions; promote the transition to the formal economy.

Youth Employment Programme Step 3. Which policy options? Education skills and training : quality basic education for all; link education to the world of work (skills mismatch); improve apprenticeship; skills strategies to support sectoral policies; early identification of potential dropouts; second chance initiatives; recognition of prior learning; conditional cash transfers; competency-based training; Labour market policies : strengthen active and passive labour market policies; linkages with minimum wage policies; integrated employment and social service delivery; employment-intensive investment strategies.

Youth Employment Programme Step 3. Which policy options? Entrepreneurship and self-employment: recognize the different forms of entrepreneurship (opportunity and necessity driven); enabling environment for business development; access to finance; partnership with the private sector; entrepreneurship education and training; cooperatives and social enterprises. Rights: application of labour laws and collective agreements; decent work deficits; working poverty, low-paid work; informality; social protection; discrimination in employment and occupation; minimum wages, health and safety in the workplace.

Youth Employment Programme Tools for assessing policy options Regulatory impact assessment predicts the likely impact of each policy option; Cost-effectiveness analysis compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of two or more policy options; Cost-benefit analysis identifies the net monetary value of a policy option by comparing all benefits and all costs; Multi-criteria analysis uses a set of agreed criteria to measure stakeholder preferences on different policy options.

Youth Employment Programme Step 4. Policy formulation State the goal the policy seeks to contribute to within broader development goals of the country Link goal to existing national development frameworks 1. Goal Set objectives that can be realistically achieved within the timeframe Align them to development policies and strategies Identify measurable targets for each objective 2. Objectives and targets

Youth Employment Programme Identify and set outcomes that lead to tangible changes in policy and/or institutions within the timeframe For each outcome, set one or more SMART indicators of performance 3. Operational outcomes and indicators Identify human, material and financial resources for implementing the policy 4. Resources Step 4: Policy formulation

Youth Employment Programme Step 4: Outcomes and indicators Outcomes derive from the policy options selected and that are instrumental to achieve the objectives and targets set (if all outcomes are achieved, then the objective materializes) They are expressed in the form of achievable ends, are linked to available resources (human and financial)and their effects are measured by quantitative and/or qualitative indicators. In short, outcomes are the actual effects that policy implementation have on the target group and on society.

Youth Employment Programme Step 4: Resources If a cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analysis has been conducted for the identification of priority policy options, the amount of human, material and financial resources needed to achieve the targets is already available; The estimation of the resource required is best done at the level of policy outputs (e.g. the products/services the policy will set forth to achieve the specified outcome). Estimates needs to be realistic and based on sound projections (ministry of finance or Treasury).

Youth Employment Programme Describe the policy monitoring system Indicate monitoring activities and methodology to capture performance outcomes Describe the mechanism that will be applied to evaluate the policy 6. Monitoring and evaluation Identify and describe the institutional mechanism for effective coordination of the implementation of the policy national and local levels 5. Implementation and coordination mechanism Step 4: Implementation arrangements

Youth Employment Programme Step 4. Implementation mechanism The institution that leads the policy formulation process is usually the one that is responsible for coordinating the implementation of the policy (technical secretariat); This institution is responsible for gathering from other line ministries and agencies the information needed for monitoring implementation and reporting to the government/parliament (accountability); If an inter-ministerial group/committee was established to design the youth employment policy, this becomes the advisory body, responsible to review progress, advise on emerging concerns and reformulate objectives and outcomes, if necessary.

Youth Employment Programme Step 4: Performance monitoring The basic elements of a result-based monitoring system 1.baseline data to describe the problem or situation before the intervention; 2.the formulation of measurable outcome indicators; 3.data collection on outputs and how and whether they contribute toward the achievement of outcomes; and 4.systemic reporting with qualitative and quantitative information on progress.

Youth Employment Programme Some lessons about NAPs development (1) Make sure there is clear understanding of the issues and what has been done so far (X-ray of current situation, policies and institutions); Need to have good statistical picture for evidence-based policies; Prioritize problems to be tackled to avoid overwhelming and unrealistic targets; Make sure that policy measures do not remain in paper and that a sound monitoring and evaluation system is in place; Human and financial resources should be aligned to planned action: check that required funds can be secured; Ensure that young people are part of process and that their views are taken into account. Some lessons from policy reviews

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