1 Chapter 1 Section 1 Notes NatureOfScience

2 What is Science?  A way or process used to investigate what is happening around you.  Not New  Early scientist used their senses of sight, touch, smell, taste, and hearing to make their observations. Scientists observe, investigate, and experiment to find answers.

3 Tool  Science is a tool that can be used everyday.  Scientist use clues to help complete projects.

4 Science uses: Problem Solving Prior Knowledge Technology Science Skills

5 Prior Knowledge  Used to help predict what could happen.  Scientist form theories to predict what will happen before they do the experiment.  Theory is used as an explanation to support the facts.

6 Technology  Application of science to make products or tools that people can use.  Used to help find a variety of resource materials in one place (i.e. the internet or computer).

7 Science Skills  Observing and Analyzing  Looking for a pattern.  Classifying  Process of sorting objects or events into groups based on common features.  Interpreting  Explaining the meaning.  Looking at the experiment and figuring out what the data shows.  Observation & Measurement  Used to find similarities and differences, comparing and contrasting.

8 Competency 1b: Discriminate among observations, inferences, & predictions   Observation: receiving knowledge of the outside world through the senses, or the recording of data using scientific instruments.

9   Inferences: conclusions drawn from evidence, reasoning, or implications Competency 1b: Discriminate among observations, inferences, & predictions

10   Predictions: making statements or forming opinions about what will happen in the future. Competency 1b: Discriminate among observations, inferences, & predictions

11 Science Journals  Used for scientist to post their findings.  Helps scientist in future experiments.  Communication of thoughts and ideas. Why do scientists often review and ask questions about the results of other scientists’ work?

12 Chapter 1 Section 2 Doing Science

13 Solving Problems  Identify the Problem  Scientist then find that the problem is easy to identify and to solve.  Example: Before a scientist can find the source of a disease, the disease must be identified correctly.  How do we solve the problem?  Descriptive research – answers scientific questions through observation.  Experimental research design – used to answer scientific questions by testing a hypothesis.

14 Descriptive Research  State the Objective  The research objective is what you want to find out, or what question you would like to answer.  Describe the Research Design  How you will carry out your investigation?  Eliminate Bias  You must eliminate anything that can “lead” your research in the direction you wish. Example; Only asking girls a question about a topic, instead of asking both boys and girls.

15 Equipment, Materials, and Models used to Problem Solve.  Materials – make sure you use the best tools- balances, scales, microscopes, etc. for investigating.  Models – represents things that happen too slowly, too quickly, or are too big or small to be seen by observation.  SI Units – used around the world by all scientists for measurement based on units of 10.

16 Equipment, Materials, and Models used to Problem Solve. - continued  Data Tables – use to accurately record results and observations.  Data – properly analyze all materials and figure out what your results mean.  Conclusion – report your findings.

17 Experimental Research  Is used to answer scientific questions by observation of a controlled experiment.

18 Steps for Experimental Research  Form a hypothesis – Prediction that can be tested.  Plan the experiment  Independent Variable - the factor in the experiment that is changed.  Dependent Variable – the factor that is being measured.  Constant – Variable that stays the same.  Use a control – a sample that is treated like the others in the group except the independent variable is not applied.  Conduct several trials of the experiment.  Analyze your results and draw a conclusion.

19 Steps of the Scientific Method   Recognize the Problem   Form Hypothesis   Test Hypothesis   Record your results   Analyze Data   Draw Conclusion   Report your findings Put the steps in order

20 General Science Skills  Observing  Comparing and contrasting  Measuring  Classifying

21 Competency 1h: Make relationships between evidence and explanations To develop new knowledge Cause and effect Observations Just the Facts Inferences To tell why Best guess (may have to re-evaluate) Evidence Explanations Data from experiments

22 Chapter 1 Section 3 Science and Technology

23 Science in your daily life  Scientific discoveries lead to new products that influence your lifestyle.  Entertainment  Convenience  Health  Provides information that people use to make decisions.  Cannot decide weather or not the new information is good or harmful, moral or immoral.

24 Competency 1f: Explain how science and technology are reciprocal   Advances in science lead to advances in technology   Advances in technology lead to advances in science One example: Science develops robotics technology… Robotics technology then leads to major advances in the science of medical diagnostics. Can you think of others?

25 Competency 3g: Evaluate how healthcare technology has improved the quality of human life   Computerized tomography (CT) scans   Artificial organs   Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)   Ultrasound

26   Computerized Tomography:   Generates a 3-d image of the inside of an object from a large series of 2-d X-rays taken around an axis Competency 3g: Evaluate how healthcare technology has improved the quality of human life

27   Artificial organs:   Can be used as life support while awaiting a transplant (ex. artificial heart)   Improvement in patients ability for self care (ex. Artificial limbs)   Improvement of ability to interact socially (ex. Cochlear {ear} implant) Competency 3g: Evaluate how healthcare technology has improved the quality of human life

28   Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):   Uses powerful magnetic field to align hydrogen atoms in the water of the body to create an image of the body Competency 3g: Evaluate how healthcare technology has improved the quality of human life

29   Ultrasound   Using sound waves above human hearing to reveal reflected images of the interior of the body. Competency 3g: Evaluate how healthcare technology has improved the quality of human life

30 Review  What is science?  How do we use it in our everyday life?  What are the steps of the scientific method?  How can it be used for advancements in technology?