 Morphology : The study of the structure of words. The component of the grammar that includes the rules of word formation.  The Basic Structure of Words  free morphemes  independent words  bound morphemes  combined with other morphemes in order to be used as free-standing words.

 noun  namu ‘tree’, salang ‘love’, na ‘I’, and tases ‘five’  adverb  acwu ‘very’, cokum ‘a little’, and kyewu ‘almost’.  BOUND MORPHEMES  verb and adjective stems are all bound morphemes.  Stems  mek- ‘eat’ and phulu- ‘blue’ cannot function independently as  words, but must necessarily be combined with suffixes, as in mek- ni, mek-ko, phulu-ta, phulu-myen, to function as words.

 grammatical elements that show the syntactic role of the noun phrase or add to its meaning.  They are not free-standing words  철수가 밥을 먹었다.

 깨끗 - 하 - 니  INFLECTED WORD  STEM  깨끗 하 니  ROOT STEM  ROOT AND STEM, CALLED BASE INTEGRATEDLY

 derivational affixes  used to generate words  inflectional affixes  the inflectional endings attached to verbs, adjectives, and the copula

 Affix prefix and sufix  Prefix  They never change the part of speech of the word, but function only to limit its meaning.  suffix  Not only are they greater in number and type, but they also function far beyond simply limiting the meaning.

 nouns, pronouns, numbers, verbs, adjectives, prenouns, adverbs, interjections, particles.  NOUNS  Nouns are generally marked by case particles. These postposed case particles express the grammatical functions of the nouns.

 Nouns also function as the sentence predicate by linking up with ita, the copula.  Swuminun haksayngita ‘(Sumi) is (a student)  Another characteristic of nouns is that they are modi¤ed by prenouns, such as  ‘say cikcang ‘new workplace’, yele nala ‘various countries’, i kapang ‘this briefcase’

 Nouns can be formed by attaching –um or -ki to verb or adjective.  웃 + 음 웃 + 기 Bound Nouns  do not appear independently in the sentence but must instead be preceded by a modifier. These are the bound nouns such as kes, i, pun, tey, cwul, swu, ttay, mun, ttalum, ppun, kim, and li.

 On the basis of form and function, it is clear that these words are nouns because they are modified by prenouns and followed by postposed particles.  what they refer to is abstract, generalized, and unspecified.

 a word that is suffixed to numerals when counting.

 the grammatical category of “number” does not exist in Korean.  Sakwa lul han kay mekessta  사과를 한 개 먹었다.  Sakwa lul tases kay mekessta  사과를 다섯 개 먹었다.  Musun chayk ul kuleh.key manh.i sassni?  무슨 책 ( 들 ) 을 그렇게 많이 샀니 ?

 There is also no grammatical category of “gender” in Korean  sakwa ‘apple’ or chayk ‘book’ or Han kang ‘the Han River’  not masculine, feminine or neuter.

 Korean personal names are constructed  in the order of surname first, followed by the given name. Surnames almost all consist of one syllable, and given names are almost all made up of two syllables.  But b, c and d are exception

 Kangwen-to Kanglung-si Yongkang-tong 213-penci‘  Kangwon Province, Kangnung City, Yonggang Tong (district), Number 213’.  강원도 강릉시 용강동 213 번지  TIME  1965-nyen 5-wel 4-il ocen 6-si 20-pun  1965 년 5 월 4 일 오전 6 시 20 분  units are ordered from large to small

 They have the syntactic characteristics of nouns; their grammatical functions are specified by postposed particles, and they are modified by prenouns.  First, the most representative pronouns found in Korean are given in the following list.

 When referring to family or household, the plural form wuli ‘our’ is used instead of the singular form na uy/nay ‘my’: wuli apeci ‘our (=my) father’, wuli enni ‘our (=my) older sister’, wuli cip ‘our (my)  home’, or even wuli manwula ‘our (=my) wife’.

 The forms used to denote third-person are not separate lexical items,  but rather are formed by combining the demonstrative prenouns i ‘this’, ku ‘that’ and ce ‘that (over there)’ with bound nouns.  The deictic use of (1) i, (2) ku, and (3) ce depends on the distance between the referent and the speaker; they indicate, respectively, (1) close proximity, (2) middle proximity, and (3) distant proximity

 Pronouns such as amu ‘any’, nwukwu ‘who’, mues ‘what’, and enu kes ‘which’. These words serve as both question words and indefinite pronouns.

 There are two parallel sets of Korean numerals: one of native origin, and one of Chinese origin.

 First, there is a difference in the way ordinals are formed.  The native ordinals are formed with the suffix -ccay, as in twul-ccay ‘second’ and seys-ccay ‘third’.  The exception is hana ‘one’ because the ordinal ‘first’ is not hana-ccay (or hanccay), but rather the special form ches-ccay.

 From the ten units on, however,  han is used instead of ches-, and twu is used for ‘two’ instead of twul—as in yelhan-ccay ‘eleventh’, yel twu-ccay ‘twelfth’, sumul han- ccay ‘twenty-first’, and sumul twu-ccay ‘twenty-second’.  In contrast with this native system,  the Sino-Korean ordinals are expressed by attaching the prefix cey- to the basic numeral, as in cey-il ‘first’, cey-i ‘second’, cey-sip.o ‘fifteenth’.

 sakwa twu-kay ‘2 apples’  yetun-twul ‘82’, phalsip twul

 Verbs and adjectives function as predicates  verbs and adjectives always  appear with inflectional endings.  Korean endings can be divided into final endings and prefinal endings.  -uni, -ko and -ta, -ni are  final endings; among these, -ta and -ni end the sentence, while -uni and -ko  do not. The forms -keyss- and -si- are pre¤nal endings since they must necessarily  be followed by another ending.

 In the above examples,  the prefinal endings -keyss- and -ass/ess- specify the tense (or aspect),  and -si- functions to honor the subject.

 to show the speech style appropriate in the honorific system for the listener, and to show the sentence type.

 The inflecting forms of Korean also include the copula, a form used to predicate nouns.  The stem of the Korean copula is i-.  unlike verbs and adjectives, the copula cannot be used independently, but must rather be combined with nouns like a particle.  Instead of processive endings like those of verbs (- nta and -nun), the copula takes only nonprocessive endings like those of adjectives.

 when the copula stem i- combines with the past marker -ess-, as in (8b), the resulting form iess- contracts to yess-.  Even more idiosyncratic is the fact that following the copula stem i- the ending  -ta becomes -la, as in (9). In (10), the copula combines with preceding particles.

 Prenouns are parts of speech that do not change in form.  They do not take case particles or inflectional endings  They have the function of modifying a following noun or noun phrase.

 Adverbs are like prenouns in that they do not inflect and function to modify the word that follows.

 words that link logically a following sentence with a preceding sentence.  These conjunctional adverbs include such words as kuliko ‘moreover’, kulena ‘however’, kulentey ‘nevertheless’, kulemyen ‘thus’, kulemulo ‘therefore’, ttalase ‘accordingly’, tto ‘also’, hok.un ‘otherwise’, ohilye ‘rather’, and tekwuna ‘furthermore’

 In defining prenouns and adverbs, we have said that they have no morphological variation. Their sole function is to modify the words that follow.  However, there are also other parts of speech that modify words the same way. In the following examples, verbs and adjectives behave just like prenouns and adverbs: