Liêt CHIM & Tim PICKERING Feed for aquaculture Liêt CHIM & Tim PICKERING

Feeding fish to fish & shellfish Three main ways of fish using in aquafeeds : As fresh fish – usually in the form of trash fish, either used directly or mixed as a slurry or mash. Frozen whole pelagic fish are also used for fattening tuna and other large fish in cages. As fishmeal and fish oil – mainly derived from the reduction of whole small pelagic fish to a concentrated high protein form/oil that is used in formulating compounded feeds. As processing or other waste – fishmeal can be produced from fish processing waste (trimmings, offcuts and offal).

Feeding fresh/frozen fish Tuna and Yellowtail culture In Asia, marine and finfish aquaculture still depends upon either trash fish. This represents a simple, cheap and readily available source of protein, although conversion ratios and environmental performance are poor.

Feeding fresh/frozen waste fish in Fiji 10% 30% 10% 30% 60% (Wet weight) (Dry weight) Using tuna waste in Fidji for Tilapia farming

Feeding processed fish : meal, oil, hydrolysat… Three main ways of fish using in aquafeeds : • As fresh fish – usually in the form of trash fish, either used directly or mixed as a slurry or mash. Frozen whole pelagic fish are also used for fattening tuna and other large fish in cages. • As fishmeal and fish oil – mainly derived from the reduction of whole small pelagic fish to a concentrated high protein form/oil that is used in formulating compounded feeds. • As processing or other waste – fishmeal can be produced from fish processing waste (trimmings, offcuts and offal).

Fishmeal and fish oil world production Raw materials Whole wild fish 17-18 million tons By products 5 - 6 million tons Total 22-23 million tons Production of Fishmeal 5- 6 million tons Fish oil ± 1 million tons

Use of wild fish for animal husbandry 5’600’000 mT meal + 1’170’000 mT oil 23’366’000 mT wild fish 

Fish meal and oil for aquafeed 81% Fish Oil 63% Fish meal

Around 25% of Fish Meal derived from by-products (Chamberlain A., 2011. Fishmeal and Fish Oil – The facts, figures, trends and IFFO’s responsible supply standard)

Fish-In Fish-Out (FIFO) « Quantity of whole wild fish needed for feeds/Quantity of farmed fish produced » Level of fishmeal (%) + level of fish oil (%) in the diet Yield of fishmeal (%) + Yield of fish oil (%) X FCR FIFO ratio(*) = Marine shrimp FIFO ratio = (25 + 2/ 23 + 5) x 2.5 = 2.4 (*) Jackson, 2009. Fish In – Fish Out (FIFO) Ratios explained – International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation

1 kg of reared fish and shellfish (After Jackson, A. 2011 IFFO publication) 0,66 kg of fish 1 kg of reared fish and shellfish

Case study 1 in New Caledonia Shrimp culture Annual production (mT) 1500 Average FCR 2.5 FIFO ratio 2.4 Quantity of equivalent whole fish « imported » annualy = 2.4 x 1500 = 3600 tons Quantity of Fish waste available locally = 1000 tons Potential saving on imported fish to feed shrimp : 28 % (Photo H. Lemonnier)

Case study 2 in New Caledonia Rabbit fish (Siganus lineatus) culture project Estimated waste fish FIFO ratio = 0.6 1000 mT fish waste could produce 1600 mT of whole rabbit fish for human consumption

Case study in Fidji The actual production : 100 mT of Tilapia 25 mT of Macrobrachium Tilapia FIFO ratios : Whole fish = 0.3 Waste fish = ± 0.7 Fresh water shrimp FIFO ratios : Whole fish = 0.5 Waste fish = ±1 Whole fish required = 0.3 x 100 + 0.5 x 25 = 42.5 tons Waste fish required = 0.7 x 100 + 1 x 25 = 95.0 tons

Conclusions Fish is an important ingredient to feed fish and shellfish aquaculture The fish waste products locally available represent an important protein source for the development of aquaculture in South Pacific countries. To feed the aquaculture farms with the fish processing wastes allows to make savings on expensive imported fish meal.