Quality and Quantity of Water ( ) Prepared By: Gotech Hiral ( ) Pipaliya Jay ( )

Environment Environment is Define as “The Complex of Physical, Chemical & Biotic factors affecting an organism and ultimately determining its form and survival” is known as Environment.

Environmental Engineering Environmental Engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation (house or home) and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites. It involves waste water management and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and public health issues as well as a knowledge of environmental engineering law. It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects.

Quality and Quantity of Water Sources Water is vital natural resource which forms the basis of all life. It is the key resource in all economic activity, ranging from agriculture to industries. With increase in population there has been a severe stress on water resource. Water as a resource has many uses like, generation of electricity, navigation, as a solvent for many chemicals, and the most important use is for drinking. Thus sustainment of a civilization depends upon continuous supply and good quality of water. Thus water as a natural resource should be conserved and effectively use in order to prevent shortage of water resources

Water Resources Sources of Water Surface Sources – Rivers – Lakes – Ponds – Streams – Oceans Subsurface Sources – Wells – Tube wells – Infiltration galleries – InfiltrationWells

Water Resources Surface Source The Source of water is to be finalized based upon the Quality and Quantity of Water available Seawater: Seawater is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5%. This means that every kilogram, or every liter, of seawater has approximately 35 grams. Thus Sea water cannot be used as potable source of water.

Water Resources River: – A River is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Rivers have been used as a source of water, for obtaining food, for transport, as a defensive measure, as a source of hydropower to drive machinery, for bathing, and as a means of disposing of waste.

Water Resources Pond: – A natural large sized depression formed on the surface of the earth, when gets filled up with water is known as a pond or a lake. If the size of depression is small, it is termed as a pond and when the size is large it may be termed as lake.

Water Resources Stream: – Stream is a flowing body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks. Streams are important as conduits in the water cycle, instruments in groundwater recharge.

Water Resources Aquifer: – An aquifer is an underground layer of water- bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well.

Sub Surface Sources Open Wells: – Smaller amount of water has been utilized from ancient times by open wells generally the quantity of water from open well is about 1-5 liters per second and the diameter of open well is about 2-9 m and the depth is up to 20 m. The yield of an open well is limited as the well can be excavated up to a very limited depth. It can be used as a source of water for a small community like a village.

Sub Surface Sources Quality – The quality of ground water is generally good except the presence of some unwanted mineral and salts at some places. To obtain large discharges tube wells which is a long pipe or a tube, is bored or drilled deep into the ground, intercepting one or more water bearing stratum the quantity of water available from tube well is of order of 200 to 220 l/sec. the depth of tube well ranges from 70 m to 300 m. the diameter of tube well is 0.5 to 0.6 m.

Water Resources Springs: – The natural outflow of ground water at the earths surface is said to be spring. A pervious layer sandwiched between two impervious layer, give rise to natural spring The springs are generally capable of supplying small amount of water, and are therefore not considered as a source of supply.

Water Resources Infiltration Galleries: – Infiltration galleries are horizontal and nearly horizontal tunnel constructed at shallow depth along the bank of river through the water bearing strata. Infiltration wells are shallow wells constructed along the banks of the river in order to collect the river water seeping through their bottom. – These wells are constructed of brick masonry with open joints. They are generally covered at the top and kept open at the bottom

Water Pollution Water Pollution: – Water Pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water through natural or human activities and making it unsuitable for its designated use. – Fresh Water present on the earth surface is put to many uses. It is used for drinking, domestic and municipal uses, agricultural, irrigation, industries, navigation, recreation. The used water becomes contaminated and is called waste water.

Impurities In water Following are the commonly found impurities in water. – Undesirable chemical constituents- – Organic (e.g., Benzene, Carbon Tetrachloride, Cis-1,2-Dichlorethylene, Styrene etc..) and Inorganic (e.g., chloride, sulphate, iron, manganese, sodium, Total hardness and total dissolved solids Toxic constituents (typical, not complete list) – – nitrate, arsenic, chromium, lead, cyanide, copper, phenols, dissolved mercury. Undesirable physical characteristics – taste, color and odour. Pesticides and herbicides – chlorinated hydrocarbons and others Radioactive materials – various forms of radioactivity Biological – – bacteria, viruses, parasites and so on Acid (low pH) or caustic (high pH).

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