1. Tracking Groundwater Contamination

2. Next Generation Science / Common Core Standards Addressed!
HS‐ESS3‐3. Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among management of natural resources, the sustainability of human populations, and biodiversity. [Clarification Statement: Examples of factors that affect the management of natural resources include costs of resource extraction and waste management, per‐capita consumption, and the development of new technologies. Examples of factors that affect human sustainability include agricultural efficiency, levels of conservation, and urban planning.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment for computational simulations is limited to using provided multi‐parameter programs or constructing simplified spreadsheet calculations.]

3. Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resource Standards Addressed
ESS Perform assessments of environmental conditions using equipment, machinery and technology.
ESS a. Research and summarize methods used to determine water quality (e.g., dissolved oxygen, chemical tests, macroinvertebrates, etc.) and determine if a source of water has been contaminated.

4. Bell Work / Learning Objectives
Define groundwater.
List causes of groundwater contamination.
Explain the severity of groundwater conservation.

5. Terms
Aquifer
Groundwater
Percolation

6. What is groundwater?
How much precipitation falls on average in our area?
How much of that precipitation ends up as groundwater?
What constitutes the base flow of many streams that would otherwise be dry in non-rainy periods?

7. Groundwater
Water found between soil particles and rocks within the earth.
Comes from precipitation.
Rain falls or snow melts, some of the water evaporates, some is taken up by plants, some of it runs off into gutters, ponds or streams, and the rest seeps down into the earth to become groundwater.

8. Groundwater Provides most of the freshwater people use.
It also feeds streams and springs.
Groundwater may be stored in large, underground rock formations called aquifers.

9. Aquifers Permeable rock materials that groundwater travels through.
Aquifer comes form two Latin words: aqua or “water”, and ferre, “to carry.”
A layer of sand and gravel or a deposit of sandstone or limestone.

10. Unconfined Aquifer Groundwater is able to move readily through.
Water table is the top of an unconfined (unpressurized) aquifer, below which the pore spaces are generally saturated.
Perched water table is when the groundwater collects/pools on top of an impermeable layer above the water table.

11. Confined Aquifer
Groundwater sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rocks.
Artesian wells are wells that have drilled into a confined aquifer.

12. Artesian Wells
When a well is drilled, the water level rises above the level of the confined aquifer due to the difference in elevation from the point of recharge to the point of discharge (the well).
A flowing artesian well is when there is enough pressure to push the water above the surface of the ground.

13. Artesian Water in NM?
Artesia NM received its name because of the free flowing artesian water found by farmers who settled the lower Pecos valley in the 1800’s.

14. Percolation
The downward movement of water through the soil.

15. Groundwater Contamination
Three of the main sources of groundwater contamination are agricultural activities, human activities, and natural sources.

16. Agriculture Activities
Include the practice of irrigation and the application of fertilizers and pesticides.
Irrigation may cause pollution because of the salts the irrigation water contains. This is not uncommon in New Mexico
As the water percolates through the soil, it takes the salts along.

17. Agriculture Activities
Fertilizers can become pollutants when they are applied too heavily.
The fertilizer that the plant cannot use becomes a pollutant.
Pesticides can also become pollutants when applied too heavily.

18. Include waste disposal, septic systems, and land fills.
Human Activities
Include waste disposal, septic systems, and land fills.
Wastes can become pollutants when not disposed of properly.
Examples of wastes include septic systems, landfills, and illegal dumping.

19. Human Activities
Septic systems are not only one of the largest sources of waste, they are also full of bacteria, viruses, and the organic chemicals used to break down the wastes.
Landfills are for either municipal or industrial use. Municipal landfills include wastes collected from households.
Industrial landfills include wastes that may be contaminated with a number of hazardous chemicals.

20. Times Beach Mo. Was abandoned due to toxic waste!

21. Millions of gallons of aviation fuel have leaked from storage at Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque.
The fuel has contaminated an underground aquifer.
The military has drilled wells to monitor the flow of the fuel contaminated water. Clean up proposals are being studied.

22. Natural Sources Include nitrates, nitrogen, and minerals.
Nitrates and nitrogen in ground water come from the natural decomposition process of organic materials.
They can be hazardous to babies and young children.
Minerals in the groundwater are considered pollutants in high concentrations.
An example of damage caused by minerals includes staining of fixtures and sediments on pumps and pipes.

23. Severity of Groundwater Contamination
Cannot be truly measured.
Too many factors are involved to determine the overall level of contamination.
Factors such as soil types, type of contaminant, amount of precipitation, and location of contamination can determine the severity of contamination in the area.
Overall, the more shallow the aquifer, the more likely it is to become polluted.

24. Review / Summary
Define groundwater.
List causes of groundwater contamination.
Explain the severity of groundwater conservation.

25. The End!