Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Chapter 12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Q&A  During the Great Irish Famine of the mid– nineteenth century, well over 1 million people died or were displaced because of the devastating effects of Phytophthora infestans, an alga that infects potato crops. What damage is Phytophthora causing in other parts of the world today?

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. KingdomFungi Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph MulticellularityAll, except yeasts Cellular Arrangement Unicellular, filamentous, fleshy Food Acquisition MethodAbsorptive Characteristic FeaturesSexual and asexual spores Embryo FormationNone Mycology is the study of fungi Fungi

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 12.2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.2 Molds  The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.3 Yeasts  Unicellular fungi  Fission yeasts divide symmetrically  Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.1 Vegetative Growth

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.4 Fungal Dimorphism  Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.5a Asexual Reproduction  Conidia or conidiospores

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.5b Asexual Reproduction  Arthroconidia

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.5c Asexual Reproduction  Blastoconidia

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.5d Asexual Reproduction  Chlamydoconidia

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.5e Asexual Reproduction  Sporangiospores

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sexual Reproduction  Three phases:  Plasmogamy: Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–)  Karyogamy: + and – nuclei fuse  Meiosis: Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.6 Sexual Spores  Zygospore: Fusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.7 Sexual Spores  Ascospore: Formed in a sac (ascus).

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.8 Sexual Spores  Basidiospore: Formed externally on a pedestal (basidium)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Medically Important Phyla of Fungi  Zygomycota  Ascomycota  Anamorphs  Basidiomycota

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Zygomycota  Conjugation fungi  Coenocytic  Produce sporangiospores and zygospores  Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.6 The Life Cycle of a Zygomycete

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ascomycota  Sac fungi  Septate  Teleomorphic fungi  Produce sexual and asexual spores  Ascospores and frequently conidiospores  Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis)  Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic mycoses)  Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous mycoses)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Anamorphs  Produce asexual spores only  rRNA sequencing places most in Ascomycota; a few are Basidiomycota  Penicillium  Sporothrix (subcutaneous mycosis)  Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic mycoses)  Candida albicans (cutaneous mycoses)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Basidiomycota  Club fungi  Septate  Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores  Cryptococcus neoformans (systemic mycosis)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic Effects of Fungi  Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Bread, wine, HBV vaccine  Trichoderma: Cellulase  Taxomyces: Taxol  Entomophaga: Biocontrol  Paecilomyces: Kills termites

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fungal Diseases (Mycoses)  Systemic mycoses: Deep within body  Subcutaneous mycoses: Beneath the skin  Cutaneous mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and nails  Superficial mycoses: Localized, e.g., hair shafts  Opportunistic mycoses: Caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lichens  Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus  Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.9a Three Types of Lichens

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.9b Lichen Thallus

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic Effects of Lichens  Dyes  Antimicrobial (Usnea)  Litmus

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. KingdomProtist Nutritional TypePhotoautotroph MulticellularitySome Cellular Arrangement Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, tissues Food Acquisition MethodDiffusion Characteristic FeaturesPigments Embryo FormationNone Algae

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.10a Algal Habitats

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.11b Brown Alga

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.10b Phaeophyta  Brown algae (kelp)  Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls  Multicellular  Chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls  Store carbohydrates  Harvested for algin

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.10c Rhodophyta  Red algae  Cellulose cell walls  Most are multicellular  Chlorophyll a and d, phycobiliproteins  Store glucose polymer  Harvested for agar and carrageenan

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.11a Chlorophyta  Green algae  Cellulose cell walls  Unicellular or multicellular  Chlorophyll a and b  Store glucose polymer  Gave rise to plants

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Diatoms  Pectin and silica cell walls  Unicellular  Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls  Store oil  Fossilized diatoms formed oil  Produce domoic acid

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.12a Diatoms

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.12b Asexual Reproduction of a Diatom

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Dinoflagellates  Cellulose in plasma membrane  Unicellular  Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins  Store starch  Some are symbionts in marine animals  Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Oomycota  Water molds  Cellulose cell walls  Multicellular  Chemoheterotrophic  Produce zoospores

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Oomycota

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Oomycota  Decomposers and plant parasites  Phytophthora infestans responsible for Irish potato blight  P. cinnamoni infects Eucalyptus  P. ramorum causes sudden oak death

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. KingdomProtist Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph MulticellularityNone Cellular ArrangementUnicellular Food Acquisition MethodAbsorptive; ingestive Characteristic FeaturesMotility; some form cysts Embryo FormationNone Protozoa

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Characteristics of Protozoa  Vegetative form is a trophozoite  Asexual reproduction is by fission, budding, or schizogony  Sexual reproduction by conjugation  Some produce cysts

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Medically Important Phyla of Protozoa  Archaezoa  Microspora  Amoebozoa  Apicomplexa  Ciliophora  Euglenozoa

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.16b Archaezoa  No mitochondria  Multiple flagella  Giardia lamblia  Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.16c, d Archaezoa

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Microspora  No mitochondria  Nonmotile  Intracellular parasites  Nosema

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.17a Amoebozoa  Move by pseudopods  Entamoeba  Acanthamoeba

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Apicomplexa  Nonmotile  Intracellular parasites  Complex life cycles  Plasmodium  Babesia  Cryptosporidium  Cyclospora

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Figure The Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Clinical Focus, p. 355 Cryptosporidium

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Clinical Focus, p. 355 Cryptosporidium

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Ciliates  Move by cilia  Complex cells  Balantidium coli is the only human parasite

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Euglenozoa  Move by flagella  Euglenoids  Photoautotrophs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Euglenozoa  Move by flagella  Hemoflagellates  Trypanosoma spp.  Sleeping sickness  Chagas’ disease

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The Life Cycle of a Cellular Slime Mold

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The Life Cycle of a Plasmodial Slime Mold

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. KingdomAnimalia Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph MulticellularityAll Cellular ArrangementTissues and organs Food Acquisition MethodIngestive; absorptive Characteristic FeaturesElaborate life cycles Embryo FormationAll Helminths

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Helminths (Parasitic Worms)  Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)  Class: Trematodes (flukes)  Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)  Phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Characteristics of Helminths  Reduced digestive system  Reduced nervous system  Reduced locomotion  Complex reproduction

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Life Cycle of Helminths  Monoecious (hermaphroditic)  Male and female reproductive systems in one animal  Dioecious  Separate male and female  Egg  larva(e)  adult

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Trematodes, or Flukes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The Life Cycle of Trematodes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Cestodes, or Tapeworms

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Human as Definitive HostTaenia saginataCysticerci in beef muscle Intermediate Host Echinococcus granulosus Adult in dog

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Humans as Intermediate Host

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Nematodes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The Heartworm Dirofilaria immitis

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Eggs Infective for Humans

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Larvae Infective for Humans

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Arthropods as Vectors  May transmit diseases (vectors)  Kingdom: Animalia  Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs)  Class: Insecta (6 legs)  Lice, fleas, mosquitoes  Class: Arachnida (8 legs)  Mites and ticks

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Arthropods as Vectors  Mechanical transmission  Biological transmission  Microbe multiplies in vector  Definitive host  Microbe’s sexual reproduction in vector

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Arthropods as Vectors

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Arthropods as Vectors