2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 31 Fungi

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Kingdom Fungi: - Eukaryotic -mostly multicellular except yeasts -cell wall made of chitin -have both sexual & asexual reproduction

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – Fungi: include mushrooms, mold, mildew, yeast

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fungi phylogeny: Chytrids Zygote fungi Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Sac fungi Club fungi Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Figure 31.9

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Kingdom Fungi contains these phyla: 1. Zygomycetes – molds (example: bread mold) 2. Ascomycetes - sac fungi 3. Basidiomycetes –club fungi (ex. mushroom)

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrition: 1. Can be saprotrophs: feed by secreting enzymes into dead material, then absorbing. These act as decomposers. 2. Can be carnivorous, as in fungus in soil that traps worms 3. Can feed on nutrients in environment, such as sugar or starch. Example: yeast 4. Can be parasitic, and cause plant disease such as wheat rust.

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fungi consist of hyphae Hyphae: thread-like structures, fuse to form a large mass called a mycelium. Hyphae thread cells have multiple nuclei and aren’t completely separated by cell walls.

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hyphae: Hyphae. The mushroom and its subterranean mycelium are a continuous network of hyphae. Reproductive structure. The mushroom produces tiny cells called spores. Spore-producing structures 20  m Mycelium Figure 31.2

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mycelium is main body of fungus; mushrooms serve as spore forming structures. Figure 31.19

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fungi can be carnivorous: Hyphae can be specialized to allow feeding on live material; allow trapping and penetration into food source, such as nematode worms. Nematode Hyphae 25  m (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey (b) Haustoria Fungal hypha Plant cell wall Haustorium Plant cell plasma membrane Plant cell Figure 31.4a, b

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basidiomycetes The Phylum Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes). Club fungi: – Spore-forming structure called a basidium that is “club shaped, found within mushroom gills.

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basidiomycete Life Cycle FUSION of and hyphae fruiting body MEIOSIS spores gills lined with basidia basidium zygote (n) haploid (n + n) dikaryotic strain 2n (diploid)

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ascomycetes Phylum Ascomycota: cup-like reproductive structures, known as sac fungi Spores made in structure called an ascus. Single celled yeast are in this group. (a) The cup-shaped ascocarps (fruiting bodies) of Aleuria aurantia give this species its common name: orange peel fungus. (b) The edible ascocarp of Morchella esculenta, the succulent morel, is often found under trees in orchards. (c) Tuber melanosporum is a truffle, an ascocarp that grows underground and emits strong odors. These ascocarps have been dug up and the middle one sliced open. (d) Neurospora crassa feeds as a mold on bread and other food (SEM). 10  m Figure 31.16a–d 10  m Parent cell Bud Figure 31.7

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Penicillium mold belongs to the Phylum Ascomycota. 2.5  m Figure 31.6

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Yeast diseases include: diaper rash, yeast infections, thrush. Candida albicans is the yeast responsible for this. 10  m Parent cell Bud Figure 31.7

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings hypha (n) haploid (2n) diploid mating strain FUSION of + and – gametangia sporangium spores (haploid) MEIOSIS Zygomycetes form their spores on structures called sporangia, which are stalked.

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fungal spore cases called sporangia 0.5 mm Figure 31.13

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually: Those reproducing asexually are called imperfect fungi Those reproducing both ways are perfect fungi

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Symbiotic Relationships – Lichen is composed of fungi + algae pioneer species in ecosystems makes soil from bare rock enables plants to absorb more water

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The fungus is an ascomycete Algae is green layer b elow the lichen surface Ascocarp of fungus Fungal hyphae Algal layer Soredia Algal cell Fungal hyphae 10  m Figure 31.24

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathogens Some fungal species – Are parasites such as corn smut, wheat rust – Some are toxic to humans (a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (c) Ergots on rye Figure 31.25a–c

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Helpful Uses of Fungi Fungi as food; make cheeses, alcoholic beverages (using yeast), and bread Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibit ed growth Figure 31.26