Managing Peace and Security: Regional and International Conflict

What is the chapter about? What were the causes and the consequences of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict? What were the causes and the consequences of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict? How was the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait resolved? How was the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait resolved? How can transnational terrorism be managed? How can transnational terrorism be managed?

Remember what we learnt in the last lesson..? - all countries want to protect their national interests - conflicts occur when countries do not agree with one another on various issues which might threaten their national interests - conflicts occur when countries do not agree with one another on various issues which might threaten their national interests

Conflict Resolution Conflicts can be resolved through diplomacy Conflicts can be resolved through diplomacy Conflicts that cannot be solved through peaceful means may lead to war Conflicts that cannot be solved through peaceful means may lead to war These conflicts may impact surrounding countries in the region and at times, even the world These conflicts may impact surrounding countries in the region and at times, even the world

Conflict Resolution

Middle East

Countries: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen Countries: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen

Middle East People: Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Jews People: Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Jews Religions: Islam, Judaism, Christianity Religions: Islam, Judaism, Christianity

Kuwait

Sudan

Middle East Per Capita Income can vary from US$23,000 in richer nations to US$800 in poorer nations Per Capita Income can vary from US$23,000 in richer nations to US$800 in poorer nations Such differences has caused resentment between countries of the middle east Such differences has caused resentment between countries of the middle east

Why is the Middle East so important to the world?

It is one of the most important oil producing regions in the world It is one of the most important oil producing regions in the world It controls a strategic waterway, the Suez Canal which links Europe to Asia It controls a strategic waterway, the Suez Canal which links Europe to Asia

Suez Canal

Iraq Kuwait KuwaitNeighbours Both former British colonies Both were under the Ottoman Empire

Iraq and Kuwait Kuwait granted independence in 1961 Kuwait granted independence in 1961 Iraq refused to recognise independence Iraq refused to recognise independence Iraq tried to invade Kuwait in 1960’s but failed Iraq tried to invade Kuwait in 1960’s but failed 1963 – Iraq gave up claim over Kuwait 1963 – Iraq gave up claim over Kuwait Iraq and Kuwait worked together during Iran-Iraq war Iraq and Kuwait worked together during Iran-Iraq war

What worsened the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait? Economic problems in Iraq Economic problems in Iraq - Iraq suffered tremendously during the war with Iran - It owed about US$80 billion in debts - Reconstruction of war-torn areas required US$230 billion

What worsened the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait? Oil production Oil production - Falling oil prices due to overproduction by countries like UAE and Kuwait - Iraq lost a lot of revenue and blamed UAE and Kuwait for waging an economic war

What worsened the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait? Dispute over territory Dispute over territory Rumaila Oilfields

Were there attempts to resolve the problems between Iran and Kuwait? Mediation by the Arab League Mediation by the Arab League

Remember ASEAN? Association of Southeast Asian Nations Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Was mediation successful? Kuwait agreed to produce oil according to OPEC quota Kuwait agreed to produce oil according to OPEC quota Iraq still accused Kuwait of having plans to produce more oil Iraq still accused Kuwait of having plans to produce more oil Iraq assured league that as long as negotiations were underway, he would not use force against Kuwait Iraq assured league that as long as negotiations were underway, he would not use force against Kuwait

Was mediation successful? OPEC ministers agreed to raise the price of oil so that Iraq could make more revenue for its reconstruction efforts OPEC ministers agreed to raise the price of oil so that Iraq could make more revenue for its reconstruction efforts Kuwait agreed to write off Iraq’s debts as well as provide US$500 million as a loan Kuwait agreed to write off Iraq’s debts as well as provide US$500 million as a loan Kuwait refused to give in to territorial demands Kuwait refused to give in to territorial demands

02 AUGUST 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait Iraq invades Kuwait Within 2 days, most of the Kuwaiti soldiers had given up Within 2 days, most of the Kuwaiti soldiers had given up Occupation lasted 7 months until a US led coalition freed Kuwait Occupation lasted 7 months until a US led coalition freed Kuwait This came to be known as the Persian Gulf War This came to be known as the Persian Gulf War

Persian Gulf War 2 August 1990 – 28 February August 1990 – 28 February 1991 Saddam Hussein Abd al- Majid al-Tikriti George Herbert Walker Bush

Why War? Sunni Muslim Sunni Muslim Worried about Shi’a uprising Worried about Shi’a uprising Saw himself as a great leader Saw himself as a great leader Needed to improve situation in Iraq Needed to improve situation in Iraq

Why War? Hussien Misread US position Hussien Misread US position Did not think America would go to war over Kuwait Did not think America would go to war over Kuwait

Reactions to the invasion Fear of Iraqi dominance Fear of Iraqi dominance - Iraq would control 20% of world’s oil production - Iraq would control 20% of world’s oil production - Saudi Arabia was worried - World was worried for Saudi Arabia - No ‘Arab Solution’

Reactions to the invasion - US decided to intervene in the interest of its ally, Saudi Arabia (Operation Desert Shield) - More than 30 countries took part in the coalition to liberate Kuwait - UN passed resolution demanding Iraq to withdraw - Economic Sanctions on Iraq

Timeline August 2, #1 Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes Kuwaiti oil fields. Kuwait's emir flees. Iraq masses troops along the Saudi bordr. U.N. condemns Iraq's invasion and demands withdrawl. August 2, #1 Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes Kuwaiti oil fields. Kuwait's emir flees. Iraq masses troops along the Saudi bordr. U.N. condemns Iraq's invasion and demands withdrawl.#1

Timeline August 9, #2 First U.S. military forces arrive in Saudi Arabia. U.N. declares Iraqi annexation of Kuwait void. August 9, #2 First U.S. military forces arrive in Saudi Arabia. U.N. declares Iraqi annexation of Kuwait void.#2

December 17 U.N. sets deadline for Iraqi withdrawal on January 15, Hussein rejects all U.N. resolutions. December 17 U.N. sets deadline for Iraqi withdrawal on January 15, Hussein rejects all U.N. resolutions.

Timeline August 9, #2 First U.S. military forces arrive in Saudi Arabia. U.N. declares Iraqi annexation of Kuwait void. August 9, #2 First U.S. military forces arrive in Saudi Arabia. U.N. declares Iraqi annexation of Kuwait void.#2

Timeline January 17 Operation Desert Storm begins at 3 a.m. Baghdad time. January 17 Operation Desert Storm begins at 3 a.m. Baghdad time.

Timeline January 19, #3 First scud missiles strike Israel. January 19, #3 First scud missiles strike Israel.#3

Timeline February 26, #8 Hussein announces Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait. February 26, #8 Hussein announces Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait.#8

Timeline War ended with Iraq accepting all UN resolutions. War ended with Iraq accepting all UN resolutions.

Was the use of force the only solution? Diplomacy did not work (Saddam’s defiance) Diplomacy did not work (Saddam’s defiance) Impact of sanctions would take too long to be of consequence Impact of sanctions would take too long to be of consequence

Impact of the conflict Casualties (both civillian and military) Casualties (both civillian and military) Destruction of Iraqi military capability Destruction of Iraqi military capability Political instability (Kurds) Political instability (Kurds) Suffering of Iraqis Suffering of Iraqis

Impact of the conflict Environmental catastrophe Environmental catastrophe

Impact of the conflict Displacement of foreign workers (large no. of workers from Bangladesh, India, Egypt, the Philippines, Palestine) Displacement of foreign workers (large no. of workers from Bangladesh, India, Egypt, the Philippines, Palestine)

Why do nations go to war? Why do nations go to war? What motivated the Western decision to go to war in the Gulf? What motivated the Western decision to go to war in the Gulf? What motivated Iraq to invade Kuwait? What motivated Iraq to invade Kuwait? Why was oil an important factor in the war? Were other factors involved? Why was oil an important factor in the war? Were other factors involved? How do we distinguish between acts of aggression and acts of defense? How do we distinguish between acts of aggression and acts of defense? How do we decide what stategy to respond with? (sanctions, force, etc.) How do we decide what stategy to respond with? (sanctions, force, etc.) What role should the United Nations play in conflict situations? What role should the United Nations play in conflict situations?

What do leaders need to consider before going to war? What do leaders need to consider before going to war?