1. History 102SY The United States and the Middle East 1900 to the Present

2. The First Gulf War

3. The Gulf Crisis and War of 1990-1991 left legacy of instability and danger that we still face today

4. During Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Saddam Hussein

5. Special US envoy Donald Rumsfeld meeting Saddam Hussein, 1983

6. When Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian soldiers and Iraqi Kurdish civilians, US crititicized Iraq, but only mildly

7. After Iran-Iraq War ended in 1988, tensions arose between Iraq and Kuwait

8. Kuwait demanded repayment of $32 billion loan, but Iraq refused

9. July 1990—Saddam Hussein demanded islands of Bubiyan and Warba, threatened to invade Kuwait

10. Meeting between Ambassador April Glaspie and Saddam Hussein, July 25, 1990

11. August 1990—Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, subjecting it to brutal occupation

12. President George H. W. Bush reacted cautiously at first

13. Margaret Thatcher and George H. W. Bush... but quickly decided that invasion must not stand

14. Summer 1990—Bush got UN Security Council to pass resolution demanding Iraqi withdrawal

15. Summer-Fall 1990—Bush lined up diverse coalition of countries prepared to enforce resolution

16. ... including even Soviet Union

17. To break up anti-Iraq coalition, Saddam offered to withdraw from Kuwait if Israel withdrew from Arab territories taken in 1967; Saddam’s offer generated enthusiasm in Arab world

18. Bush refused any quid pro quo but made vague commitment to address Arab-Israeli dispute after Iraq was ousted from Kuwait

19. Meanwhile, massive multinational force materialized in Saudi Arabia—“Operation Desert Shield”

20. Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf

21. November 1990—UN Security Council passed resolution authorizing use of force against Iraq if it didn’t withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991

22. Antiwar demonstrations

23. January 1991—Secretary of State James Baker met with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz in Geneva but failed to reach agreement James Baker Tariq Aziz

24. January 1991— Congress debated issue

25. January 1991— Congress authorized use of force against Iraq

26. January 17, 1991—After UN deadline passed, Bush launched air war against Iraq (“Desert Storm”)

27. Damage to Iraqi Infrastructure

28. Iraq launched “Scud” missiles against Israel and Saudi Arabia; “Patriot” missiles appeared to shoot down Scuds “Scud” missile “Patriot” missile

29. Actually, Scuds broke up on their own “Scud” missile “Patriot” missile

30. “Stormin’ Norman” Schwarzkopf

31. February 1991—Coalition launched ground war against Iraqi forces

32. Iraqi forces quickly capitulated

33. Casualties of war

35. In wake of victory, Bush’s approval rating shot up to 89 percent

36. March 1991—Two separate Iraqi rebellions, by Shia in south and Kurds in north, broke out

37. Saddam crushed both rebellions, creating huge refugee crisis

38. US military declared “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq, creating safe havens for Kurds and Shia, respectively

39. Saddam Hussein remained in power in Baghdad

40. Bill Clinton vs. George H. W. Bush, 1992