PIPELINES VIJAY VADER
PROCESS PLANTS Essentially handling liquid/gases/solids Need to transport them from one stage to another. Transportation is always done through closed conduits /pipes Transportation systems consist of - Pumps - Compressors - Blowers - Piping networks associated with them.
Potential & Resistance for flow through Pipes Potential : Elevation Difference between source and destination, pressure difference between source and destination. Every fluid movement has to overcome the resistance. Typical resistances are : - Static (Increase in height) - Dynamic (Frictional Losses because of flow/ velocity) - Back Pressure depending upon the destination pressure. Above resistances are overcome by using machines like pumps, compressor and blowers.
Potential & Resistance for through Pipes
Selection of Pipe Lines Based on Line Size : - Volumetric flow rate is the basis for calculation. - Recommended velocities are available in literature / Engineering guide lines. - Principle involved is optimization between pressure drop and line size. ( i.e. Pumping cost and Capital cost )
Selection of pipe Lines Typical Recommended velocities : Type of FlowRecommended Velocity (m/s) Process Liquid Lines ( Pump Discharge) 1 to 3.6 Water Lines 1 to 2.7 Pump Suction Lines 0.3 to 2.1 Compressor Discharge Lines 21 to 30 LP steam Lines 8 to 41 MP steam Lines 13 to 70 HP steam Lines 16 to 83
Two Phase Flow No proven and accurate method available for pressure drop calculation. Various flow patterns possible depending on vapor-gas ratio, roughness, etc. Typical Examples : - Furnace outlet lines, long gas transport lines containing condensable hydrocarbons. Careful consideration for slug and plug flow. Two phase flow can produce hammering and vibrations which could damage the pipelines.
Selection of Pipelines Based on Service : - Pipe materials are selected based on service - Based upon temperature and pressure pipe material for suitable # rating and high or low alloy steel is selected. - Steam : Statutory requirements like IBR ServiceMaterial Normal HydrocarbonCarbon Steel Sour ( with H2S)NACE DM waterStainless Steel Sea WaterEpoxy Lined or GRP pipes CausticStress Relieved CS
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Most important document generated by Process Engineer. P&ID is used as base document by Piping Engineer. It gives following minimum details with respect to pipelines (Attached snapshot) - Source and Destination of pipelines. - Line Number : Typical Line No. appearing in P&ID Unit No. Fluid Seq. No. Line Size Pipe Class Ins. Type Insulation Code Thickness Z312 PAHC18203EC12AB150
Snapshot of P&ID
LDT ( Line Designation Table) Compilation of all lines appearing on P&IDs in a tabular form. Typical format is shown below : Utilization of this document by Piping and Construction departments Contains information required by construction group for testing. It also includes information regarding piping color code and tracing requirements.
General guidelines for Pipe Routing Avoid Pockets. Provide high point vents and low point drains. Ensure easy access for operation as well as maintenance of all valves and instruments. Provide break flanges in pipes wherever removal of pipe etc. is envisaged for maintenance of equipment. Avoid complicated routine of pump suction lines from NPSH requirements. Safe Venting at high location.
Cross Country or Long Pipelines Typically used for transportation of hydrocarbon from terminal to refineries OR refineries to storage depots. Pressure Boosting stations at various locations. Surge phenomenon results into high pressures in pipe lines. Surge is caused by Pump failure, sudden closure of valve. This phenomenon needs to be carefully analyzed to avoid mechanical failure of pipe. This is further analyzed by using advanced software for transient analysis.