1. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 10
Fluid Machinery

2. Main Topics Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines
Turbomachinery Analysis
Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Positive Displacement Pumps
Hydraulic Turbines
Propellers and Wind-Powered Turbomachines
Comprehensive Flow Turbomachines

3. Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines
Positive Displacement
Turbomachines
Radial-Flow (Centrifugal)
Axial-Flow
Mixed-Flow

4. Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Pumps
Fans
Blowers
Compressors

5. Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

6. Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

7. Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines
Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid
Hydraulic Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)
Gas Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)

8. Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines
Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid

9. Turbomachinery Analysis
The Angular-Momentum Principle
Apply to Control Volume:

10. Turbomachinery Analysis
Euler Turbomachine Equation
Mechanical Power:
Theoretical Head:
Tshaft >0 for pumps, fans, blowers, and compressors and Tshaft <0 for turbines.

11. Turbomachinery Analysis
Velocity Diagrams

12. Turbomachinery Analysis
Performance – Hydraulic Power
Pump Hydraulic Power:
Pump Efficiency:

13. Turbomachinery Analysis
Performance – Hydraulic Power
Turbine Hydraulic Power:
Turbine Efficiency:

14. Turbomachinery Analysis
Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed
Flow Coefficient:
Head Coefficient:
Power Coefficient:

15. Turbomachinery Analysis
Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed
Specific Speed:
Specific Speed (Customary Units):
Specific Speed (Customary Units):

16. Turbomachinery Analysis
Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed

17. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers Euler Equation – Centrifugal Pumps
Head Equation:
Shutoff Head:

18. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Euler Equation – Centrifugal Pumps

19. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers Euler Equation – Axial Flow Pumps and Fans
Mechanical Power:
Theoretical Head:

20. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Performance Characteristics

21. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers Performance Characteristics
the head at any flow rate in the real machine may be significantly lower than is predicted by the idealized analysis
Causes:
At very low flow rate, some fluid recirculates in the impeller.
Friction loss and leakage loss both increase with flow rate.
“Shock loss” results from a mismatch between the direction of the relative velocity and the tangent to the impeller blade

22. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Performance Characteristics

23. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers Similarity Rules For Dynamic Similarity:
… so …

24. Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
local static pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid which can locally flash to vapor, forming a vapor cavity and significantly changing the flow pattern
it reduces the performance of a pump or turbine
damage or surface pitting
cavitation can be avoided limiting the pressure drop in the inlet piping system

25. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Pump Selection: Applications to Fluid Systems

26. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers Pump Selection: Applications to Fluid Systems
Pumps in Series:

27. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers Pump Selection: Applications to Fluid Systems
Pumps in Parallel:

28. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Blowers and Fans

29. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Blowers and Fans

30. Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Blowers and Fans

31. Positive Displacement Pumps

32. Hydraulic Turbines
Performance Characteristics

33. Hydraulic Turbines
Performance Characteristics

34. Propellers and Wind-Powered Machines
Speed of Advance Coefficient:
Thrust, Torque, Power Coefficients, and Propeller Efficiency

35. Propellers and Wind-Powered Machines

36. Propellers and Wind-Powered Machines

37. Propellers and Wind-Powered Machines
Examples of modern wind turbine designs

38. Propellers and Wind-Powered Machines
Kinetic Energy Flux:
Power Coefficient:
Tip Speed Ratio:

39. Propellers and Wind-Powered Machines

40. Compressible Flow Turbomachines
Application of the Energy Equation to a Compressible Flow Machine

41. Compressible Flow Turbomachines
Compressors

42. Compressible Flow Turbomachines
Compressors